Argument Essay/ Homosexuality - 782 Words

Argument Essay There are many rights I believe homosexuals should not have. Their life style is an abomination in god’s eyes! The King James Version of the bible says in Leviticus 20:13, If a man also lies with mankind, as he lieth with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination: they shall surely be put to death; their blood shall be upon them. It is totally a sin to have sexual relations with the same sex. God intended sex to express love to your mate and reproduce. Because I am a Christian, I am utterly against homosexuality! Public affection, marriage, and adoption dealing with homosexuals also rub me the wrong way. First of all, homosexual public affection is not and should never be considered the norm. As much†¦show more content†¦The research shows that Public opinion remains firmly opposed to the redefinition of marriage. A May 2008 Gallup Poll asked the question: Do you think marriages between same-sex couples should or should not be recognized by the law as valid? Respondents opposed homosexual marriage by a margin of 56 percent (opposed) to 40 percent (agreeing). Respondents to a CNN/Opinion Research Corporation poll in October 2007 rejected same-sex marriage by the same margins. My cousin in-law also got married about three years ago. They had to travel to another state just to get married. The point that I am trying to get across is that if homosexual marriages were meant to be you wouldn’t have to sneak off to do it. It would be legalized through out the world! Third of all, homosexuals adopting kids would subject the children to an unstable environment. Kids at a young age will not understand the situation unless you explain it to them thoroughly. If not, they will always wonder why they have two of the same sex parents. My cousin in-law, who has two kids, also is going through the same thing. She no longer has custody of her children because of her life style. She chose this over her family. Her relationship was more imp ortant than her taking care of her kids. So her family saw the neglect and decided to take full custody of the kids. Many homosexuals and their sex partners may sincerely believe they can be good parents. But children are not guinea pigs for grand socialShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Richard D. Mohr s Prejudice And Homosexuality 1418 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Prejudice and Homosexuality†, by Richard D. Mohr, is an essay about how gays and lesbians are subject to discrimination because of different beliefs. Mohr says that when we are evaluating the morality of behavior is to be prescriptive, or normative, not descriptive. In this essay, Mohr says that â€Å"Gays are discriminated against in several ways, including private-sector employment, housing, public accommodations, insurance of all types, custody, adoption, and zoning regulations that bar ‘singles’Read MoreSame-sex Marriage and Jordan1107 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Is it Wrong to Discriminate on the Basi s of Homosexuality?† defends the claim that there are situations in which it is morally permissible to discriminate against homosexuals. He contends that there is a public dilemma concerning the moral status of homosexuality and, unless a human right is at stake, then the government should refrain from favoring by publicly recognizing same-sex marriage. Jordan was unsuccessful in supporting his thesis; his argument was illogical because it lacks both clarityRead MoreHomosexuality1494 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality from a New Perspective Sexuality means many different things to different people, especially sexuality of a homosexual nature. Everyone has their own personal ideologies about sexuality, many of which have been forced on us by mainstream societys portrayal of what of is right or wrong. Bersanis objective is to take these societal sexual idiosyncrasies and turn them upside down to reveal how he feels gay male sex should be. In Bersanis article, Is the Rectum a Grave?, he entertainsRead MoreEssay about Family Values Richard Rodriguez Analysis1270 Words   |  6 PagesBernardo Cabrera Ken Carter AP Language and Composition 30 January 2012 Family Values Because of the opposing cultures and ideas that collide in the mind of Richard Rodriguez, his arguments tend to break boundaries of traditional philosophical writing. As a Catholic, a homosexual, a Mexican immigrant, and an intellectual, the meaning of family values can differ significantly from one aspect of his life to the next. By gathering input from each of those sectors, Rodriguez composes an array ofRead MoreLaw, Morality And, And Sexual Orientation1431 Words   |  6 Pages‘Law, morality and â€Å"sexual orientation† is an essay dictating the wrongness of homosexuality by John Finnis. Through critical analysis of the essay the main points of Finnis’s argument and the flaws for the wrongness of homosexual conduct will be explored and analyzed. Finnis is considered a new natural law theist (Law, 2105), viewing this argument as an application of morality (Primoratz, 1999). Finnis attempts to convince us that his argument is not a myopic Roman Catholic view; by using the workRead MoreThe Debate On Sex Ethics Essay1410 Words   |  6 PagesUnder the topic of sex ethics, the morality of homosexuality is a widely debated and controversial issue. One side of the debate asserts that homosexual behavior is against God’s will, and is wrong because we are all obligated to do God’s will, God’s will is expressed in the Bible, and the Bible forbids homosexual behavior (Craig). This debate is called the traditional Christian argument. Although the argument is valid, I will argue against the conclusion that homosexual behavior is not against God’sRead MoreArticle Analysis : Performative Acts And Gender Constitution1387 Words   |  6 Pages Judith Butler’s essay, â€Å"Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory† calls for a new way to view sex and gender. Butler argues that â€Å"gender identity is a performative accomplishment compelled by social sanction a nd taboo†. In this case, gender is not constituted by what one is, but rather what one does; the performative acts constitute gender. In other words, gender is not the starting place; it is an identity repeatedly constructed throughout time.Read More Homosexuals and James Baldwins Role in the Civil Rights Movement1512 Words   |  7 Pages During the Civil Rights Movement, James Baldwin wrote many articles and essays on racial issues. His unique and powerful style invoked the thoughts of many people. What also made Baldwin stand out from others was his homosexuality. Baldwin wrote several essays and novels that had a homosexual theme rooted within the story. It was through this method that Baldwin was able to express his homosexuality and at the same time present a view of black culture that was highly unacceptable duringRead MoreAnalysis Of Farewell My Concubine And The King And The Clown 1653 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout many countries around the world, homosexuality has always been subjected as a controversial matter. The societal attitudes towards the behavior of homosexuality vary substantially across Asia. Surprisingly, there are two conflicting attitudes toward homosexuality. Some Asian countries strongly condemn against homosexuality. Whereas, in some Asian countries visibly accept homosexuality. Judith Butler explained that gender is represented as a stylized repetition of acts or imitation. SheRead MoreEssay on Authority in Lisa Cahill’s â€Å"Homosexuality1169 Words   |  5 PagesAuthority in Lisa Cahill’s â€Å"Homosexuality The most difficult part of any modern theological debate is choosing the authority. With the variety of Christian denominations, individual thinkers, and outside influences, and it is often difficult to reach a general agreement. In her essay, â€Å"Homosexuality: A Case Study in Moral Argument,† Catholic theologian Lisa Cahill examines four major authorities and different ways to determine how they work together to produce a cohesive Christian ethic.

Children and Television Violence Essay example - 2068 Words

Children and Television Violence Through what they experience on television, children are forced into adulthood at too young of an age. The innocence of youth is lost when children stare endlessly at a screen displaying the horrors of murder, rape, assault, devastating fire, and other natural disasters. Although these are occurrences in everyday life, things adults have grown accustomed to hearing about, children do not have the maturity level to deal with these tragedies appropriately. Childrens behavior changes because they become desensitized to the violence. There are many preventative techniques that can be applied to ensure that negativity on television will not interfere with a childs development. Children see†¦show more content†¦Younger children are more susceptible to the impact of television violence in part because they spend more time in front of the set. ?Children ages 2 to 5 watch about 28 hours of television each week, or almost 4 hours per day.? (Black, et. al. 317) Older children watch about four hours less per week. These younger children are fascinated with a media that does not require the ability to read or decipher in a way they do not know how; therefore, they spend more time watching television than older school age children. ?Television has somewhat less appeal for the adolescent who has the mental ability to extend his or her senses with radio or print.? (Elkind 73) One of the most disconcerting facts of modern life is the abundance of wasted time spent watching mindless television programs. ?...at the end of the usual life span, the average person will have endured more than ten uninterrupted years of television, day and night, with no breaks for the potty, no sleep, no work, no school. Ten years of staring at a cathode-ray tube, looking at images that for the most part one doesn?t control and never chose.? (Medved, et. al. 19) ?A US News World Report survey of voters reveals that 91% ?think media mayhem contributes to real-life violence?, while 54% of the public thinks violence in entertainment media ?is a major factor that contributes to the level of violence in America?. But only 30% of those with the power toShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Television Violence on Children1315 Words   |  6 Pages Shortly after a Boston television station showed a movie depicting teenagers dousing a derelict with gasoline and setting him afire, six youths attacked a woman and set her on fire in an identical manner. Several months later, NBC televised Born Innocent, a made-for-television- movie, which showed the sexual violation of a young girl with a broom handle. Three days after this program aired, a group of girls committed a similar attack on another 9-year-old girl (â€Å"Wild† A20). These are justRead MoreTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children867 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision Violence and Its Effect on Children The children of today are surrounded by technology and entertainment that is full of violence. It is estimated that the average child watches from three to five hours of television a day! (Neilson 1993). Listening to music is also a time consuming pastime among children. With all of that exposure, one might pose the question, How can seeing so much violence on television and video games and hearing about violence in in music affect a childs behaviorRead MoreTelevision Violence and Children Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesTelevision Violence and Children Thanks to the miracle of television the average American child watches 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of violence before finishing elementary school (Early Concerns 113). Television violence is responsible for the increase in childhood violence. Watching violence is a popular form of entertainment, and watching it on television is the number one way that children are exposed to violence. Local news shows provide extensive converage of violent crimesRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children1735 Words   |  7 Pageswatches approximately 23 hours of television weekly. Children spend more time watching TV than doing any other leisure activity. By the time they finish high school, most have spent more time in front of the TV than in the classroom (Strasburger, 1995). On average, a child will see 18,000 murders, robberies, bombings, assaults, and beatings in their years of watching television (Liebowitz, 1997). Not to mention all the food commercials. In today s society, the television is used for more than just entertainmentRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children978 Words   |  4 PagesTelevision has become one of the most, if not the most, used form of entertainment for all ages. Every TV show has some kind of age limit whether it’s rated G or R, it’s not always easy for parents to moderate what their children are watching. Young children are very moldable, not only by the people around them, but what is on TV. I have conducted an experiment to see how much violence and aggression are in everyday television shows that children are likely to watch. I have watched three differentRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children1552 Words   |  7 Pagesleisure 2.8 hours of television a day. There is the constant outcry from parents and teachers that children are growing to be television-obsessed zombies, or that the exposure to violence from their favorite shows are going to cause aggressive actions. But if that is true, then how is it th at we as adults are able to stop ourselves from murdering everyone we see, especially if we have so many television programs with violence as a feature? The effect that television violence has on us does not comeRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Today violence is the gold of television. Violence has become a high demand by the viewers. The more violence equals more views which equals more demand. According to Hamilton (2002), â€Å"Children are not the target of advertisers on most violent programs. But their exposure to violent images can lead to social damages not factored into decisions about when to air programs and where to draw the line on content† (p. 18). The controversial debate that television violence influence children is nothingRead MoreEffects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1722 Words   |  7 PagesEffect of Television Violence Program on Children Now more and more violence television shows appear on the screen. A lot of television shows will remind that is available for certain range of audience. Of course, elementary school student, mostly watch cartoon. However, the television production people will add violence into the show. This study aimed to demonstrate the gender-specific impact of violence-oriented television cartoons for children, and to identify the behaviors demonstrating thisRead MoreThe Effects Of Television Violence On Children Essay1246 Words   |  5 PagesThis guest teaches your children to resolve conflicts through violence. The guest baby sits your kids and teaches them principles you don’t agree with. Does watching violence in TV is harmful for your children? Is it Ok to let the 2 year olds watch TV unsupervised? No says the American replacing baby sitters? Hypothesis: Extensive viewing of television violence causes children to behave in aggressive or harmful ways to others. Children model behavior they see in the media, she wrote in 1993. IfRead MoreEffects of Television Violence and Children3538 Words   |  15 PagesEffects of Television violence and Children Outline: I.THESIS STAEMENT: Although the television serves as a form of entertainment, when you abuse its use, and make it a habit to watch, it gives negative effects on the behavior of children especially in their brain’s development. II. PORPUSE OF THE RESEARCH III. INTRODUCTION IV. HIPOTHESIS amp; METHOD A. CHILDREN QUESTIONNAIRE 1. HOW IT CAN AFFECT VIEWER’S BEHAVIOUR 2. CHILDREN RESPONSES B. EFFECTS amp; RESULTS 1. NEGATIVE EFFECTS a. Behavior of

Symbolism Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s Scarlet Letter And...

Alex Rojas Ms. Bacon English IV H 11/3/15 Many dark romantics use symbolism to support the themes in their stories. The themes represented by these symbols tend to represent sin and evil. Like many of his writing counterparts, Nathaniel Hawthorne extensively uses symbolism in several of his major works to explore sin and human nature. The Scarlett Letter, â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and â€Å"The Minister s Black Veil† are all vivid examples of this exploration and are the focus of this analysis. Before discussing his works, it is important to explore Hawthorne’s background to better understand how they connect to his writing and to his use of dark romanticism. Hawthorne came from Puritan ancestry. His family was actively involved in religious persecution of others and participated heavily in witch trials. Hawthorne added a w to his last name in efforts to avoid any correlation with his family’s dark past. As a writer, Hawthorne is portrayed as a dark romantic during a time period where colleagues such as Emerson and Thoreau were seen as transcendentalists (Bacon). They believed that people and nature were inherently good if they were self-reliant and demonstrated individual strength. Hawthorne’s perspective was quite different since he believed that everyone had a dark side and that sin and guilt were needed in order to find ones true self in society. In The Scarlett Letter, Hawthorne uses one of his main characters, Hester, as a symbolic representation of theShow MoreRelatedSymbolism Is The Use Of Symbols To Signify Important Meaning1305 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism is the use of symbols to signify important meaning to things. These symbols could be basically anything in which a meaning is more than just the literal context. Hawthorne has several uses of symbolisms in his stories. Symbolism was very popular literary device during the Romantic period, where the object embodied some sort of idea. â€Å"The symbolism of his works focused on isolation and guilt of the individual, the uncertainties of good and evil, and the continual hold of the past on theRead MoreThe Theme Of Guilt In The Scarlet Letter By Nathaniel Hawthorne1668 Words   |  7 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne is the author of The Scarlet Letter. Hawthorne is a anti-transcendentalist which means he writes a lot about Puritans in the 1600’s. John Hathorne ( Nathaniel H. great uncle ) is also an anti-transcendentalist . The book that John wrote that goes with The Scarlet Letter is The Ministers Black Veil. It as well as this novel talks about Secret sin and how the world is good and people are dark and mysterious. Nathaniels book The Scarlet Letter talks about Secret Sin , RevengeRead MoreThe Ministers Black Veil And The Scarlet Letter1000 Words   |  4 PagesNathaniel Hawthorne, one of the most contemporary American writers of all time, was the great nephew of Judge Hathorne. Who was one of the prime judges of the Salem Witch Trials in Massachusetts. Although Nathaniel hated his uncle for his efforts during the horrific trials, he became obsessed with his ideals of puritanism. Through these ideals he became a anti-transcendentalist; someone who believes that naturally we are born evil and society is the only thing that keeps us from provoking chaos.Read MoreDark Romanticism By Edgar Allen Poe1625 Words   |  7 Pages like visually heart shapes, cute Costumes, and cupids, with distinct elements of the gothic, such as the color black ,animals familiar like cats and bats or other dark figures such as vampires and witchcraft†. This essay will bring to you information about dark romanticism and many literature artist who use this style of writing. Authors such as Edgar Allen Poe, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Herman Melville quickly became the leaders or the Gothic style Literature. Prezi also goes onto say â€Å"a commonRead MoreLiterary Analysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Scarlet Letter 1777 Words   |  8 Pageswho wrote about this in his famous novels is Nathaniel Hawthorne. He came from a family of Puritans; therefore, he was well associated with that lifestyle. He applied the Puritan’s beliefs on Satan and witchcraft into his books – especially â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† and The Scarlet Letter. Both of these amazing literary works involved people battling evilness every day. Their whole lives revolved around it. In the 1600’s, in The Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne writes about a woman who committed adultery (somethingRead MoreAnalysis Of Nathaniel Hawthorne s The Minister s Black Veil 2532 Words   |  11 Pages If any single quality dominates the fiction of Nathaniel Hawthorne, it is a consistent fascination with the idea of human sin. This is explored and expressed in a wide variety of ways by him; a novel like The Scarlet Letter treats sin as more of a failing demanding understanding, while The House of the Seven Gables is a more complex treatment of sin, guilt, and redemption. So too do Hawthorne s short stories vary in how they address sin, but it remains clear that it is the core element of them

Sexual Assault Of Las Vegas Essay - 1259 Words

â€Å"Every 109 seconds, an American is sexually assaulted (RAINN.org). Sexual assault, according to the US Department of Justice is, â€Å"any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs without the explicit consent of the recipient such as forced sexual intercourse, forcible sodomy, child molestation, incest, fondling, and attempted rape.† Sexual assault victims suffer from depression, post traumatic stress disorder, unwanted pregnancies, sexually transmitted diseases, and a number of other issues. For various extenuating circumstances, sexual assault is quite the problem in Las Vegas, and while there are multiple solutions to stop sexual assault, prevention is a very effective solution to the problem. Las Vegas is an anything-goes kind of city--at least that’s the rep it has. Las Vegas, or â€Å"Sin City†, as it is known, tolerated legal and illegal vices (even encourages it, with a wink and nod: What happens in Vegas stays in Vegas). A prime example of one of those vices are sex-related services (better known for what they really are: prostitution). Though prostitution is illegal in Las Vegas, it goes on under the guise of escort services. â€Å"About 80% of women in prostitution have been the victim of a rape. It s hard to talk about this because..the experience of prostitution is just like rape. Prostitutes are raped, on the average, eight to ten times per year. They are the most raped class of women in the history of our planet† (Susan Kay Hunter and K.C. Reed, July, 1990. â€Å"TakingShow MoreRelatedLegal Dilemma Of Prostitution1565 Words   |  7 Pages they are usually victims of many crimes such as rape and assault. However, through the legalization of prostitution becoming a business, sex workers are less likely to be affected by crimes such as rape and assault because of their profession; therefore, giving them the ability to protect themselves against crime through a legal manner. By making prostitution a legalized business, crime relating to prostitution such as rape and assault can decrease significantly. Erin Fuchs, who holds a mastersRead MoreMilitary Sexual Trauma ( Mst ) Essay1135 Words   |  5 PagesMilitary Sexual Trauma (MST) Throughout many wars that the United States of America had endured within the 238 years, recently America have another war to handle which is Military Sexual Trauma. Only recently the social media decided to take part of acknowledging that many veterans have mental health issues. However, they are mainly focusing on one problem which is Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). The society needs to learn that PTSD isn t the main source of conflict for active service membersRead MoreJohn Stanley Gacy, A Engineer And World War I Veteran1231 Words   |  5 Pages this same year, Gacy has his first sexual encounter with a girl and suffers a fainting spell during intercourse. John also becomes involved in politics and does volunteer work for local democratic campaigns. John Wayne Gacy left Chicago at nineteen bound for Las Vegas, Nevada. While there he began working as an ambulance attendant until his age was disclosed and he was transferred to the county mortuary to work as a janitor. Aft er nearly five months in Vegas, Gacy returned to Chicago where he enrolledRead MoreEssay on Rape and Sexual Assault in the Military1094 Words   |  5 Pages The purpose of this essay is to discuss the issue of rape and sexual assault in the military. The number of attacks for rape and sexual assault in the military are at an all-time high. Women have recently been allowed to fight on the front line. While this may be a huge achievement for women-kind, for this woman, it is a very scary thought. I am a junior at Texas Academy of Biomedical Sciences; a school geared towards students wishing to enter the medical field. I may be forced toRead MorePersuasive Essay On Gun Control1569 Words   |  7 Pagesin the Constitution and 2nd Amendment, the government must act less regulatory towards gun control; citizens must have the ability to defend themselves. Although a particularly hot topic currently because of recent shootings, especially that of Las Vegas, it is without a doubt that even a multitude of new firearms laws will not prevent criminals from obtaining guns. Armed citizens and technological solutions must take the initiative, terminating actions of violence, and achieving the American DreamRead MoreThe Debate Over Same Sex Marriage1555 Words   |  7 Pagesthe same sex has gone as far as sexual assault. â€Å"About 1 in 8 lesbian women experience sexual assault† (Paulk, Lauren). In fact, the LGBT+ community faces sexual assault more often than cisgendered and heterosexual individuals. This is one of the detriments of being gay, bisexual, lesbian, or transgendered. America also continues to ignore the sexual violence against the LGBT+ community. Sexual assault against these individuals needs to be stopped, sexual assault against any individual needs to beRead MorePolitical Climate Essay1648 Words   |  7 Pagesamendment and the right to bear arms. Within the past few years alone there have been several accounts of domestic terrori sm and very little is being done to make gun purchase harder. Between the Sandy Hook shooting, the Orlando shooting, and the Las Vegas shooting there is always talk after the tragedies about more gun control but nothing seems to change because of the super pac that is the NRA. The NRA’s main goal when dealing with gun rights is protecting the second amendment which includes â€Å"TheRead More Tupac Essay1045 Words   |  5 PagesLos Angeles for carrying a concealed weapon, was implicated in the shooting deaths of two undercover policemen and was convicted of sexual assault. In November 1994, in a much publicized incident, Shakur was shot four times while entering a New York recording studio and robbed of $40, 000 in jewelry. The following month he was sentenced to prison for the sexual assault conviction. After spending eight months in jail, his case was appealed and head of Death Row Records, Suge Knight, bailed Tupac outRead MoreGun Violence Essay1050 Words   |  5 Pages000 people die in gun related deaths each year, nearly two-thirds of which are suicides. Since the Columbine High School massacre in 1999, there has been great concern for the safety of children in schools. Other mass shootings like the recent Las Vegas shooting are making all Americans feel that they are at risk of becoming a victim. Gun violence has devastating effects on the physical health, mental health, economic vitality, and growth of US communities. According to the article â€Å"MitigatingRead MoreProstitution And Its Effect On Society Essay1630 Words   |  7 Pageslast madam was brought down by state and federal authorities for tax evasion in 1980† (Weitzer). Prostitution remained legal in Alaska until 1953, and is still legal in some rural counties of Nevada, including areas outside of Las Vegas. Prostitution is the provision of sexual services for a negotiated payment between consenting adults. Prostitution is a service industry like any other in which people exchange services for money or other reward. No person s human or civil rights should be violated

Critical review of management free essay sample

This article was downloaded by: [Edith Cowan University] On: 01 April 2014, At: 22:43 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Management Organizational History Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www. tandfonline. com/loi/rmor20 Management and organizational history: Prospects a Charles Booth Michael Rowlinson a b University of the West of England b Queen Mary.Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. This article may be used for research, teaching, and private study purposes. Any substantial or systematic reproduction, redistribution, reselling, loan, sub-licensing, systematic supply, or distribution in any form to anyone is expressly forbidden. Terms Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www. tandfonline. com/page/terms-and-conditions 060627 Booth Rowlinson 6/1/06 9:52 am Page 5 MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY Vol 1(1): 5–30 DOI: 10. 1177/1744935906060627 Copyright  ©2006 Sage Publications (London,Thousand Oaks, CA and New Delhi) http://moh.sagepub. com MOH A RT I C L E S Downloaded by [Edith Cowan University] at 22:43 01 April 2014 Management and organizational history: Prospects Charles Booth University of the West of England Michael Rowlinson Queen Mary, University of London Abstract We outline the prospects for Management Organizational History in the form of a 10-point agenda identifying issues that we envisage being addressed in the journal. 1. The ‘Historic Turn’ in Organization Theory – calls for a more historical orientation in management and organization theory. 2.Historical Methods and Styles of Writing – alternative methods and diverse styles of writing appropriate for studying organizations historically. 3. The Philosophy of History and Historical Theorists – the relevance for management and organization theory of philosophers of history such as Michel Foucault and Hayden White. 4. Corporate Culture and Social Memory – the historical dimension of culture and memory in organizations. 5. Organizational History – the emergence of a distinctive field of research. 6. Business History and Theory – the engagement between business history and organization theory.Business Ethics in History – the meaning and ethics of past business behaviour. 8. Metanarratives of Corporate Capitalism – historiographical debate concerning the rise of capitalism and the modern corporation. 9. Management History and Management Education – the link between the history of management thought and the teaching of management and organization theory. 10. Public History – the relation between business schools and the increasing public interest in history. Key words †¢ Management history †¢ organizational history †¢ organizational memory †¢ philosophy of historyOur purpose in this article is to discuss the prospects as we see them for the new journal Management Organizational History. The paper is set out in the form of a 10-point agenda with proposals for future directions in management and organizational history. Our intention is to stimulate debate, not to define boundaries or exclude other possibilities. 5 060627 Booth Rowlinson 6/1/06 9:52 am Page 6 MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY 1(1) Downloaded by [Edith Cowan University] at 22:43 01 April 2014 1.The ‘Historic Turn’ in Organization Theory Our starting point is the ‘historic turn’ that is arguably taking place in management and organization theory (Clark and Rowlinson 2004), akin to that which has transformed other branches of the social sciences and humanities (Down 2001, 394–96; McDonald 1996). There have been repeated calls for a more historical approach to the study of management and organizations from leading organization theorists such as Mayer Zald (1993, 2002), Alfred Kieser (1994), Gibson Burrell (1997) and Stewart Clegg (2001).Zald (2002, 381) contends that the approach to problems in business school social science is ‘universalist and presentist’. In ‘the search for general and abstracted laws’, he maintains, ‘social science cut itself off from history’. Universalism leads to a view that contemporary organization theory applies to organizational phenomena in all societies at all times. Presentism results in research being reported as if it occurred in a decontextualized, extended present. Presentism contradicts universalism to the extent that the present is often assumed to be a period of unprecedented change, heralding the dawning of a new age.But this is usually done without proper consideration of possible historical precedents. It is largely a rhetorical device for privileging an unbounded, extended present, and it is a claim that has been made for at least as long as either of us can remember. Universalism and presentism can be seen as the Flintstones and the Simpsons approaches to history. The Flintstones cartoon was ‘set in a town called Bedrock, in the Stone Age era, but with a society identical to that of the United States in the mid-20th century’ (Wikipedia 2005). The cartoonseries revelled in its anachronisms, as when the characters appeared in a Christmas special, even though they must have lived long before Christ was born. The ‘Flintstones method’ assumes that any society, from the prehistoric to the present, faces the same organizational problems as our own (Steel 1999). As Jacques (1996, 14) observes, universalism means that ‘management is presented as a continuous thread running through civilization’, and even the Bible is cited by universalist organization theorists as addressing issues of organization.Universalism often ‘emphasizes continuity over change’ (Down 2001, 402). It proceeds from the saying, ‘there is nothing new under the sun’ (Moore and Lewis 1999, 2, 269; cited in Down 2001, 402), which, as Milton Friedman pointed out, is just as much a half-truth as the saying ‘history never repeats itself’ (1966, 25). Universalism can serve as a useful counter to claims f or discontinuity between the present and the past. But Simon Down (2001, 402) argues that to describe ancient Greek enterprises as multinational enterprises (e. g.Moore and Lewis 1999), from the perspective of contemporary international business studies, and using ‘the language of corporate capitalism’ is to imply ‘that most, if not all, economic organizations are forms of capitalism’. According to Down (2001, 403–4), the claim that multinational enterprises existed in antiquity, in a form amenable to analysis using concepts from Michael Porter (1990), is indefensible. It can only be made by assuming that market rationality has always existed, ignoring broader intellectual history and the historiography of the ancient world.Of course, we need, similarly, to be wary of Marxistinspired critiques of universal market rationality because Marxism makes the competing assumption of a universal class struggle. 6 060627 Booth Rowlinson 6/1/06 9:52 am Page 7 BOOTH ROWLINSON: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY: PROSPECTS Downloaded by [Edith Cowan University] at 22:43 01 April 2014 Although it may be untenable to s uggest that the ancient Phoenicians developed multinational enterprises, a convincing case can be made that there are historical precedents for developments in contemporary capitalism.For example, most economic historians are now agreed that globalization in the late 20th century is not unprecedented, and that the first period of globalization occurred between 1896 and 1914 (Eichengreen 1996). According to a leading economic historian: the most impressive episode of international economic integration which the world has seen to date was not the second half of the 20th century, but the years between 1870 and the Great War. The nineteenth century, and in particular the late nineteenth century, was the period that saw the largest decline ever in international barriers to trade and factor mobility.(O’Rourke 2002, 65) The economy was even more globalized than the late 20th century in part because there was mobility of both capital and labour, whereas in the current period the mobility of labour is more restricted. The first age of globalization was undone by the First World War, a war that was seen as impossible by many commentators at the time due to the extent of global integration (Ferguson 1998a). Where historians disagree is over the role of imperialism in the first age of globalization. The Simpsons is set in Springfield, which is ‘a classic postmodern pasti che.The series systematically conceals the State in which Springfield is located’, although many elements of it remind viewers of a typical, large American metropolitan area (Miani 2004, 17). Springfield is fictionalized in the same way that an organization is often fictionalized in organization studies; it ‘may not exist, and yet everything that is said about it may be true’, in the sense that ‘it may be credible in the light of other texts’ (Czarniawska 1999, 38). Bart Simpson never grows up, and no matter how many episodes he appears in, he always appears in the present.The Simpsons method presents fictionalized organizations in a non-dated, extended present. The historic turn problematizes universalism and presentism. It raises the question of the extent to which organizations, and organizational research, need to be historicized, that is, located in a specific historical context. For example, was the multinational enterprise born in ancient Greece? Or is it a form of organization that is specific to a globalized, capitalist economy? In which case, were the forms of foreign direct investment during the first age of globalization comparable t o those of the late 20th century?And in terms of the present, how generalizable across time and space are the findings of an ethnographer from a fictionalized and supposedly typical organization? Calls for more historical awareness are often aligned with critical management studies. Zald (2002, 381) contends that business schools have been ‘cut off from humanistic thinking’ and, according to Burrell, business school faculty have been allowed to escape from ‘any real sensitivity to the issues raised by the humanities’, including history (1997, 528). Thomas, Mills, and Helms Mills 2004), and sexuality (Mills 1997) into organization theory should also entail historical contextualization. For example, Anshuman Prasad ‘seeks to theorize workplace diversity within the wider context of the (continuing? ) history and experience of Euro-American imperialism and colonialism’, and draws on postcolonial theory (Prasad 1997, 286). As to how management and organization theory can respond to the calls for more engagement with history, Behlul Usdiken and Alfred Kieser (2004) have identified three positions, which they label supplementarist, integrationist, and reorientationist.The supplementarist position adheres to the view of organization theory as social scientistic, and merely adds history as another contextual variable, alongside other variables such as national cultures. The integrationist position, which Kieser (1994) himself prefers, seeks to enrich organization theory by developing links with the humanities, including his tory, literary theory and philosophy, without completely abandoning a social scientistic orientation.The reorientationist agenda, which is very much our own (Clark and Rowlinson 2004), involves a thoroughgoing critique of existing theories of organization for their ahistorical orientation. There is scope for more debate about the extent to which history should merely supplement existing theories of organization, or be integrated with them, or whether a proper ‘historic turn’ requires a reorientation of organization theory along the lines of the reorientation called for from critical management studies or gender studies. 2.Historical Methods and Styles of Writing The historic turn in management and organization theory raises questions about methods and appropriate styles of writing for more historically oriented research. Management and organization theorists are often wary of both documentary historical research and narrative accounts of organizations (e. g. Barrett and Srivastava 1991; Strati 2000; Martin 2002). On the other hand, while business historians generally keep to documentary research and chronological narratives of individual organizations, they rarely engage  with the epistemological questions concerning sources and historical narratives raised by organization theorists. This means that when management and organization theorists venture into historical research they have to tackle questions concerning historical methods, the status of sources and styles of writing (Rowlinson 2004). Here we mention just a few examples of the challenges raised by such writing. Pettigrew’s (1985) longitudinal study of ICI’s corporate strategy is highly regarded by business historians (e. g. Coleman 1987; Warren and Tweedale 2002, 212).But as Pettigrew admits, the combination of ‘retrospective and real-time analysis of social and organizational processes’ presents particular advantages and disadvantages (Pettigrew 1985, 40), and these are different to those usually encountered by business historians. Pettigrew’s data consist of company documents, i. e. conventional historical data, as well as retrospective data from long semi-structured interviews. His main sources, however, were real-time observations and interviews conducted during his long stay in the organization.This combination led Pettigrew to a presentation of findings that repeatedly traverses the same period of time and departs from 8 060627 Booth Rowlinson 6/1/06 9:52 am Page 9 Downloaded by [Edith Cowan University] at 22:43 01 April 2014 BOOTH ROWLINSON: MANAGEMENT AND ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY: PROSPECTS conventional chronological business history (Clark and Rowlinson 2002). Alongside Pettigrew’s research, the strategic choice perspective (Child 1972) licensed several forays into business archives by organization theorists. These studies (e. g.Whipp and Clark 1986; Smith, Child and Rowlinson 1990) incorporate the tension between action and structure in ‘analytically structured narratives’ (Clark 2000, 113). They are selfconsciously situated ‘on the bridge between narrative and analytic schemas’ (Whipp and Clark 1986, 18). In other words they attempt to strike a balance between atheoretical, common-sense, empirical historical accounts of what actually happened, and overtheorized, sociological or economic accounts which explain the structural or economic necessity underlying events that have already been recounted by historians.Whipp and Clark (1986) are also notable as an example of organizational researchers who managed to secure possession of a large portion of historical records from a then extant company in order to carry out an historical case study without corporate sponsorship. Their study of innovations in work organization at Rover up until the early 1980s grants anonymity through pseudonyms for interviewees who gave retrospective accounts of events. These retrospective accounts are combined with liberal citation from company documents, including the directors†™ minutes, in order to construct a detailed narrative of the company’s recent history.This allows for a historicized account of Rover, countering more universalist structural accounts of work organization derived from labour process theory (Braverman 1974). Whipp and Clark also demonstrate that anonymity for interviewees does not require the complete fictionalization of an organization, abstracted from time and place and as if existing in an extended present. Burrell’s (1997) excursion in Pandemonium represents more of a challenge to both historical research and organization theory.Burrell eschews the aura of realism and objectivity that is normally found in historical writing, avoiding anything resembling a conventional chronological narrative. Instead he presents organization theory with an invitation to an odd and occasionally disturbing set of historiographical debates, from witchcraft to the Holocaust. Historians, and especially business historians, are not usually expected to produce a methodological justification for their work. The copious notes detailing the location of sources in the archive are usually seen as sufficient methodological justification in their own right.On the other hand, for social science research in general, and for qualitative researchers in organization studies in particular, it is expected that there will be a detailed methodological justification of the research conducted. But while contributors to management and organization theory journals are expected to provide a detailed account of their methodology, they are usually discouraged from listing archival sources in endnotes. We would therefore expect the historic turn to lead to greater reflection on the historical methods appropriate for studying organizations.We also believe that if experiments in historical styles of writing using multiple methods are to be encouraged, then both methodological essays and detailed empirical, historical, archive-based research with copious notes listing documentary sources need to be accommodated. We aim to promote both historically informed writing in organization theory and historical research informed by organization theory. 9 060627 Booth Rowlinson 6/1/06 9:52 am Page 10 MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATIONAL HISTORY 1(1) Downloaded by [Edith Cowan University] at 22:43 01 April 2014 3.The Philosophy of History and Historical Theorists If there is to be methodological reflection and experimentation in historical writing, then this will involve further engagement with the philosophy of history and historical theorists such as Hayden White (1973, 1987), Michel Foucault (1970, 19 72), Paul Ricoeur (1984), David Carr (1986) and Deirdre McCloskey (1994). Carr’s defence of narrative as the essence of human existence and consciousness in time stands at odds with the views of White or Foucault, that narrative is an imposition on the part of the historian as narrator.This impositionalist view of narrative in history is generally accepted within organization theory, as it is more broadly, so much so that Carr (1998) describes it as the received wisdom. This is largely because, amongst the historical theorists we have mentioned above, it is Foucault who has attracted most attention in organization theory (Carter, McKinlay and Rowlinson 2002). The interest in Foucault has inspired historical research on organizations from management and organization theorists (e. g. Jacques 1996), as well as accounting researchers (Hoskin and Macve 1988) and sociologists (Savage 1998).

The Parenting Skills of Atticus Finch free essay sample

As a father Atticus is the role model. He teaches his kids respect and right conduct in everything he does. There are no lies in his family. Its an honest environment. Atticus respects his children so much that he wouldnt do anything that would harm them unless he asks them. One example of his great parenting skills is when he takes the Tom Robinson case. No one wanted to that case because it would mean defending a black man. This shows his children to respect all people no matter there skin color. Another example of his good parenting skills is when Bob Ewell is killed. Atticus want Mr. Heck Tate to go down and file a report saying that Jem did it. He wants this because if he doesnt get it out that Jem did it right away there will be whispers and suspicions about him. He does this for the betterment of his children. We will write a custom essay sample on The Parenting Skills of Atticus Finch or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He wants them to grow up without having anything on there back, so that they can grow up to be the same kind of father that Atticus is. Some things that could be improved with Atticuss parenting is to be there more for his kids. He never should up for Scouts play. Jem and Scout had to go there by themselves. If Atticus had been there Scout and Jem would have never been attacked, and Bob Ewell would never had died. I took only an hour at most but he still could not go to his kids play and support and protect them. He knew that Bob Ewell was after his family, but he still sent them on their own to defend themselves against him. His excuse was that he thought he would go after him not his kids. Why would Bob Ewell, a man of his caliber, go after an adult when he could go after his kids, which would make an even bigger impact than going after Atticus. He owes his kids lives to Arthur Boo Radley. Thank you for my children, Arthur (Lee 276). Atticuss   values are respect, honesty, and overconfidence. All in all he is a very good parent.