Animal Farm and Stalinist Russia Essay - 904 Words

Animal Farm and Stalinist Russia In his book Animal Farm George Orwell gives a very vivid and accurate account of what happened in Russia after Czar Nicholas II was forced to abdicate. Being an allegory, most of the characters and events have a parallel in Stalinist Russia. Minor characters in the story also symbolize things that are very relevant to the history of Russia. Mr. Jones is the embodiment of the old government, of the monarchy where the autocrat takes all without giving anything; he is the last of the Czars. Czar Nicholas II lost control because the publishing of Karl Marxs book Communist Manifesto led to the successful February Revolution, had ignited the spark of†¦show more content†¦They were unnecessary, he said, and wasted time. In the future all questions relating to the work of the farm would be settled by a special committee of the pigs and, presided over by himself. (Orwell) This is also very much like the Command Economy that Stalin had made, in which the government made all economic decisions. Stalins next decision was to build the windmill that he had been so opposed to when proposed by Snowball. Trotsky had proposed a Five-Year Plan for the industrialization of Russia, and Stalin was opposed to it. After Trotsky was gone, Stalin had no economic ideas of his own; In a word, he put into practice the dictatorship of indus try for which Trotsky had called five years earlier. (Ovseyenko) The windmills, hence, represent the Five-Year plans, or Russias Industry. As Trotsky gained more power, it was imperative for him to eliminate any who might challenge it, and also to keep a bodyguard around him to prevent any harm from coming to him; maintaining this in mind, he assigned a secret police to assassinate people who were against him and to keep him safe, Napoleon needed his personal army also, and this was the dogs actual purpose. When they had finished confessing their crimes, the dogs promptly tore their throats out.... (Orwell) Napoleon then asked if anyone else had any crimes to confess, and they were executed immediately. Pinchfield, one of theShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Animal Farm1449 Words   |  6 Pagesconcept that the animals in George Orwell’s novel Animal Farm crave. The animals of Animal Farm want freedom from their â€Å"dictator† Farmer Jones and the rest of humanity. The ir problem is that Farmer Jones and humanity are still in power. With the bravery of two pigs, Napoleon and Snowball, the animals overthrow their human oppressors and free themselves from humanity. With his new freedom Napoleon craves power and expels Snowball. He becomes the dictator of Animal Farm and makes the farm a place whereRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell876 Words   |  4 Pagesrebellious animals think no man means freedom and happiness, but they need to think again. The animals of Manor Farm rebel against the farm owner, Mr. Jones, and name it Animal Farm. The animals create Animalism, with seven commandments. As everything seems going well, two of the animals get into a rivalry, and things start changing. Food starts disappearing and commandments are changed, and the power begins to shift. Father of dystopian genre, George Orwell writes an interesting allegory, Animal FarmRead MoreAnimal Farm Research Paper655 Words   |  3 PagesAnimal Farm Research Paper The book Animal Farm is just one of many novels that George Orwell wrote, and it is likely to be the most controversial. It is about animals that try to defeat an unruly tyrant by the name of Mr. Jones. The overworked, mistreated animals’ goal is to bring down Jones and take over the farm for themselves. The book is actually a story based loosely on the events that happened during the Russian Revolution. Topics such as communism, propaganda, and Marxism are usedRead MoreAnimal Farm, By George Orwell1347 Words   |  6 PagesGeorge Orwell’s Animal Farm, the windmill that the animals build symbolizes totalitarian triumph, highlights the novel’s Soviet parallels, and emphasizes various themes and character traits. The windmill reveals the despotic and megalomanic tendencies of the pigs, particularly Napoleon, and the hardworking and naà ¯ve nature of Boxer, the horse. It also brings the themes, such as the abuse of language to bolster power, and the danger of a naà ¯ve working class, to light. Animal Farm’s symbolic windmillRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwells Animal Farm1711 Words   |  7 Pages1A. Mr. Jones is a significant character because his actions and bad deeds provoked the animal rebellion, similarly to how Tsar Nicholas II ignorance led his abdication, ending the Romanov rule and replacing it with the new Bolshevik government (Krieger 185). Moreover, in the story, the animals replaced what used to be â€Å"Manor Farm† to â€Å"Animal Farm†, and Orwell does this to resemble the transformation of Russia’s government. There are other events in the story that parallel the true events that resembleRead More Animal Farm, by George Orwell Essay978 Words   |  4 Pagespiece of satire, Animal Farm. The main targets at the brunt of this political satire are the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, and the leaders involved in it. George Orwell successfully condemns these targets through satirical techniqu es such as irony, fable, and allegory. The immediate object of attack in Orwells political satire is the society that was created in Russia after the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917. The events narrated in Animal Farm obviously andRead MoreThe Key Themes In Animal Farm By George Orwell952 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Farm, an allegorical novel by George Orwell, depicts a very clear picture of the events leading up to the 1917 Russian Revolution and the Stalinist era of the Soviet Union. The techniques Orwell has used when writing this piece allows his robust view points and prominent reoccurring themes to become clear. A couple of themes that stood out the most to me was the use of education and intelligence, as well as corruption of power and leadership to fuel oppression. Orwell uses the imagery of aRead MoreDeclaration of Independence from My Parents1033 Words   |  5 PagesColagross 24 May 2013 Formal Speech of â€Å"Animal Farm† By: George Orwell Old Major, a prize-winning boar, gathers the animals of the Manor Farm for a meeting in the big barn. He tells them of a dream he has had in which all animals live together with no human beings to oppress or control them. He tells the animals that they must work toward such a paradise and teaches them a song called â€Å"Beasts of England,† in which his dream vision is lyrically described. The animals greet Major’s vision with great enthusiasmRead MoreAnimal Rebellion In George Orwells Animal Farm And Allegory1832 Words   |  8 PagesTHINK ABOUT ACTIVITY #1: ANIMAL FARM AND ALLEGORY. ** How is this story allegorical? If an allegory is â€Å"a figurative representation conveying a meaning other than and in addition to the literal,† then what is the additional or alternative meaning contained in Orwell’s story of animal rebellion? ANSWER: The story is allegorical, because the characters and the event in the animal farm, represents the actual characters and the event that took place during the Russia Revolution. -Additional meaningRead MoreAnimal Farm By George Orwell Essay1430 Words   |  6 PagesAnimal Farm is of course, a satirical allegory, very specifically of the Russian Revolution and of Stalin (Napoleon in the book), but more generally of revolution, the idealism of utopias, and the way in which people take control of societies founded on principles of equality. It is a satirical allegory of Soviet totalitarianism. Orwell based major events in the book on ones from the Soviet Union during the Stalin era. Orwell, a democratic socialist, and a member of the Independent Labour Party

Dr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis - 914 Words

The novel Dr. Jekyll Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson contains frequent situations where conflicts among the characters arise. This literary classic also has a prominent and iconic villain depicted in one of the title characters, Mr. Hyde. The general plot of the novel is as follows; Utterson, a respected lawyer, and Enfield, Utterson’s cousin, are on their weekly walk when Enfield tells Utterson about his first encounter with Hyde. During his retelling, Enfield explains how he witnesses Hyde trample a young girl in the street and then pay for her family’s silence in the matter. Utterson nor Enfield are one to indulge in gossip, so they put an abrupt end to the conversation. Soon thereafter, Utterson visits his and Jekyll’s mutual†¦show more content†¦In the letter that he addresses to Utterson, Jekyll tries to inform Utterson of his distressing situation and how dire it is becoming. A secondary and more miniscule conflict is between Jekyll and Lanyon . The two doctors have differing opinions on the work that Jekyll chooses to pursue. This difference causes a ripple in their friendship which Lanyon elaborates on by saying â€Å"‘... it is more than ten years since Henry Jekyll became too fanciful for me. He began to go wrong, wrong minded; and though of course I continue to take an interest in him for old sake’s sake as they say, I see and I have seen devilish little of the man. Such unscientific balderdash would have estranged Damon and Pythias’† (Stevenson, 45). In this passage, Lanyon explains to Utterson the means of why himself and Lanyon are estranged from one another. There have been a few times in my life when a friend and I had grown distant from differing interests and opinion. Specifically, I had a friend, who I still am in contact with, who changed schools and became involved with a crowd whom I thought were unsavoury because of the choices that they made and the influence that they had on m y friend. She changed, what seemed like, overnight. Looking back on it now, I realize that I should not of distancedShow MoreRelatedAn Analysis Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde1729 Words   |  7 PagesTaking a Closer Look into the Story and Author of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Nothing Mr. Stevenson has written as yet has so strongly impressed us with the versatility of his very original genius. An anonymous review in â€Å"The Times† noted Robert Louis Stevenson for his intelligence in The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. The review continued with saying that the story, be read as a finished study in the art of fantastic literature. Whoever was the anonymous person to state these things aboutRead MoreAnalysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Essay557 Words   |  3 PagesAnalysis of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde Everyone has heard of Jekyll and Hyde. The two infamous characters that portray the main roles in The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde. Yet, even with this phenomenal status of the book, surprisingly, not many people know what is really represented inside its pages. Firstly, to understand what made The Strange Case of Dr.Jekyll and Mr.Hyde a classical story known by young and old alike, we must look at where it began. AsRead More Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson2888 Words   |  12 PagesAnalysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson In an attempt to consider the duality tale, one narrative inevitably finds its way to the top of the heap as the supreme archetype: Robert Louis Stevenson’s The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Immense disagreement permeates the pages of literary criticism relevant to the meaning of the story. Yet, for all of the wrangling focused on the psychology, morality, spirituality, and sociality of the story, itRead MoreAnalysis Of The Strange Case Of Dr. Jekyll And Mr. Hyde, By Robert Louis Stevenson1323 Words   |  6 PagesStrange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, by Robert Louis Stevenson, which gives a direct image of what Victorian era was like with his writing style as well as the story itself. Specifically, Stevenson portrays exactly how Victorian social life commenced as well as displays the main points of social standards of the time. Robert Louis Stevenson uses individual characters in the novella to accurately depict how people protected their social standing an d reputation during the Victorian era. Mr. UttersonRead MoreLiterary Analysis of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson1530 Words   |  7 Pagesin the 1800’s during the Victorian era in this novel. As the story unfolds in the classic literature novel, â€Å"The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† written by Robert Louis Stevenson, the magnificent city of London becomes a darker and mysterious location. The powerful city of London embodied the freedom and solitude required for the antagonist of the story, Mr. Hyde to hide his wicked behavior from the society as a whole. According to the history of the Victorian age, â€Å"Traditional ways of lifeRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis1467 Words   |  6 Pages â€Å"Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde† by Robert Louis Stevenson and â€Å"Goblin Market† by Christina Rossetti are two interesting stories that would show how authors are able to outline good and evil in stories. The first story I consider a mystery as Stevenson leaves his reader in suspense of who really is Mr. Hyde, and what relationship does he have with Dr. Jekyll. And to help the reader solve this mystery was an interesting character by the name Mr. Utterson, who is a Lawyer by profession. Thus, in his questRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis781 Words   |  4 Pagesthe path. The novella Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson focuses on the duality of man’s inner nature, demonstrating the development of a doctor’s evil as it slowly consumes him. Throughout the work, Stevenson merges his philosophy of human nature with the good-natured Dr. Jekyll and the mysterious evil, Mr. Hyde. As the plot thickens, Stevenson uses illustrious diction to clarify the positives of Jekyll, the negative aura of Hyde, and he displays his belief that manRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis1709 Words   |  7 Pagesnovella, the Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, Stevenson is able to explore his interests concerning the dark, hidden desires that all human beings are guilty of possessing. In his story, a well-respected professional by the name of Dr. Jekyll experiments with the idea of contrasting personalities and successfully undergoes a physical separation of such identities—one which would soon wreak havoc upon his very existence. As a result of his success, Edward Hyde is born. Hyde, characterized as a minisculeRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Analysis1320 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, it is clear that the biggest theme of the story is the concept of good against evil. In the case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde, the conflict exists within the same person. It is generally believed that this internal struggle exists in everyone, and that â€Å"man is not truly one, but truly two.† It suggests that everyone has a dual personality , and a good and evil side exists in everyone. The struggle supposedly is usually a close fo ught battle that is closeRead MoreDr Jekyll And Mr Hyde Gender Analysis976 Words   |  4 PagesVictorian era, men continued to act as the superior gender to their female counterparts. Because men were usually more educated and wrote more works of literature, women were often absent from the bookshelves of the past. In The Stranger Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde by Robert Louis Stevenson, the evident lack of women in the storyline elucidates the social roles they had at that time— to be maids, prostitutes, or innocent witnesses. Simultaneously, the lack of attention paid to women paradoxically bring

quiz 8 Free Essays

Quiz 8 Free Essays Cognitive dissonance theory is most helpful for understanding the impact of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. frustration on aggression. b. We will write a custom essay sample on Quiz 8 or any similar topic only for you Order Now groupthink on social conflict. c. deindividuation on the bystander effect. d. team membership on social loafing. e. role-playing on attitude change. | 2. Bonnie pedals an exercise bike at her health club much faster when other patrons happen to be working out on nearby equipment. This best illustrates: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the bystander effect. b. the mere exposure effect. c. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. d. social facilitation. e. group polarization. 3. Although Natalie receives somewhat greater rewards from her marriage than does her husband, both are satisfied with the relationship because they each benefit in proportion to what they put into it. This best illustrates the significance of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. equity. b. deindividuation. c. the bystander effect. d. social facilitation. e. the mere exposure effect. | 4. The hostilities between two racial subgroups of a riverfront community were dramatically reduced when the threat of their r iver flooding its banks required that they work together to save their town. This best illustrates the impact of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the mere exposure effect. b. groupthink. c. superordinate goals. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. | 5. Research participants who worked alongside someone who rubbed his or her face or shook his or her foot were observed to do the same thing themselves. This best illustrated: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the mere exposure effect. b. the chameleon effect. c. social loafing. d. deindividuation. e. the bystander effect. | 6. When buying groceries, many shoppers prefer certain products simply because they have a familiar brand name. This preference best illustrates the importance of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. social traps. b. the mere exposure effect. c. mirror-image perceptions. d. the reciprocity norm. e. deindividuation. | 7. Following Germany’s defeat in World War I and the economic chaos that followed, many Germans experienced increasing levels of prejudice toward Jews. This surge of hostility can best be explained in terms of the (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. mere exposure effect. b. reciprocity norm. c. just-world phenomenon. d. scapegoat theory. e. bystander effect. | 8. Professor Stewart wrote a very positive letter of recommendation for a student despite his having doubts about her competence. Which theory best explains why he subsequently began to develop more favorable attitudes about the student’s abilities? (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. cognitive dissonance theory b. social exchange theory c. two-factor theory d. scapegoat theory e. equity theory| 9. Mr. Hughes heard what sounded like cries for help from a swimmer located 30 yards from the ocean shoreline. He continued walking along the beach, however, because he figured that one of the many swimmers in the vicinity would provide help if it was needed. His reaction best illustrates the dynamics involved in: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the fundamental attribution error. b. group polarization. c. the bystander effect. d. the foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the mere exposure effect. | 10. In a study of social loafing, blindfolded students were asked to pull on a rope as hard as they could. The students tugged hardest when they thought: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. three others were pulling with them. b. three others were pulling against them. c. no others were pulling with them. d. no one was monitoring how hard they pulled. | 11. Bart complied with his friends’ request to join them in smashing decorative pumpkins early one Halloween evening. Later that night he was surprised by his own failure to resist their pressures to throw eggs at passing police cars. Bart’s experience best illustrates the: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. bystander effect. b. foot-in-the-door phenomenon. c. fundamental attribution error. d. frustration-aggression principle. e. just-world phenomenon. | 12. Although Frieda is typically very reserved, as part of a huge rock concert crowd she lost her inhibitions and behaved in a very sexually provocative way. Frieda’s unusual behavior is best understood in terms of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the bystander effect. b. social facilitation. c. deindividuation. d. the mere exposure effect. e. the fundamental attribution error. | 13. Marilyn judges her professor’s strict class attendance policy to be an indication of his overcontrolling personality rather than a necessity dictated by the limited number of class sessions in a course that meets only once a week. Her judgment best illustrates: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the mere exposure effect. b. group polarization. c. deindividuation. d. he foot-in-the-door phenomenon. e. the fundamental attribution error. | 14. Compared to their female classmates, college-age men are ________ likely to engage in unsafe sexual practices and ________ likely to die in auto crashes. (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. more; more b. more; less c. equally; more d. more; equally e. equally; equally| 15. At a social gathering, Latin Americans may behave in a manner that North Americans consider intrusive and overly expressive. This best illustrates the importance of being sensitive to differing: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. norms. b. gene complexes. c. gender identities. . heritability estimates. | 16. In emphasizing that the behavioral effects of heredity depend on the specific environment in which one is raised, psychologists are highlighting the importance of: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. the double helix. b. gene complexes. c. natural selection. d. nature-nurture interactions. | 17. Compared to women, men are ________ likely to feel comfortable about having casual sex with differen t partners and ________ likely to feel jealous rage over a mate’s having sex with someone else. (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. less; more b. more; less c. less; less d. more; more| 18. Concepts of maleness and femaleness that influence our perceptions are called gender: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. types. b. schemas. c. roles. d. complexes. | 19. Identifying some of the specific genes that contribute to alcoholism would be of most direct interest to: (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. evolutionary psychologists. b. molecular geneticists. c. gender schema theorists. d. Freudian psychologists. | 20. Adoptive parents are least likely to influence the ________ of their adopted children. (Points : 1)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  a. personality traits b. religious beliefs c. political attitudes d. moral values| How to cite Quiz 8, Papers Quiz 8 Free Essays

Hospitality and Tourism for Staff Recruitment -myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHospitality and Tourism for Staff Recruitment. Answer: The Operational Context The labor shortage is the most practical issue in the hospitality and tourism industry. Mostly the labor force expansion is not limited by the capital only but also by the human resources. There are a problem and a significant challenge of attracting and also retaining the qualified workers in the whole world (Chon, 2015, p. 361). This is due to the failure address the workers to satisfaction, demography, the low wage levels, reputation for too long hours and little pays as the contribution factors cite them. There is the high and increased level of competition in the hospitality and tourism management because there are too many available hospitality rooms as compared to some tourists who want to rent them hence race. This results in the cutting of prices to attract more tourists; this also reduces the profits earned (Xiang et al., 2017, p. 60). This tight competition within the hospitality and tourism operators in the shrinking market has brought down the rent of hospitality rooms across the whole world hence a lot of losses. This has led to increased innovation and creativity in the hospitality and tourism operations while making decisions. The Human Resource Context Staff recruitment and selection is an essential thing in hospitality and tourism management. This enables the industry to have high profits due to proper control of the industry. Even though this staff recruitment is necessary, it requires considerable funds to allow it to go through. Due to the challenge if funds most industries do no select the appropriate staff and hence little or no visitors. (Sparks, Bradley, and Callan, 2011, p. 490) Also, the staff should undergo interview where most faculties do not pass the process. Therefore, there is no proper selection of qualified individuals while escaping the expenses associated with that. This makes the industry to lag behind. Training and development of the industry is another issue in human resource context. The selected individuals should undergo exercise before and after starting the work. This will ensure that those individuals are sure of what they are doing for the benefit of the group. Also when the staff undergoes the training, they may lead to the development of the industry hence grate benefits and high profits to the industry (Millar, Mao, and Morea, 2010, p. 8). Preparation of the individuals joining the company may be costly to that society consequently they will consider leaving it out which may lead to massive losses of the company due to lack of required knowledge to enhance the functions of the company. The Financial Context Escalating renovation and construction cost have increased in hospitality and tourism management. The existing buildings are increasingly demanding upgrades and improvements to fit for current physical condition and also to adhere to current standards to remain competitive. Even construction of the new building with improved market conditions (Croce and Perris, 2017, p. 10). Very high costs of construction are the mitigating factors to the further development of the industry. This is very expensive due to rising costs of interest, high costs of energy and also the rapid escalation in the price of the materials used in the building. This makes the industry to face a lot of difficulties in improving the structure into current standards due to increased costs. There are many evolving customer expectations in tourism and hospitality management which require high capital accumulation. This is to be able to satisfy the customer needs and enable them to come back another time (Kumar and Yang, 2017, p. 110). Currently, the customers are profoundly influenced by the technology like use of internet which is a very crucial thing to get many customers. Many customers are resisting the chain mentality' hence an excellent opportunity for creating customized and unique experiences as well as minding the "bottom line." As a result, the appropriate market approaches will be needed to adopt and also update to reach the customers efficiently. The Product and Market Context There is increased guest sophistication. The consumers are sophisticated that is there is developed to a high degree of complexity and a great deal of experience and knowledge of the culture. The types of products and services which they desire from the market may not entirely be satisfied (Cho et al., 2017, p. 420). The social amenities they want may include recreational facilities, guest-room innovations, advanced business centers and increased costs. This may make the guests of other areas if they are not appropriately served hence leading to falling of business. Also, the technological issues affect the product and market context in the hospitality and tourism management. There are significant challenges of keeping the pace of technology very fast. This may be difficult because it may be too expensive. When the guests find that in specific markets the technology is outdated and does not fit their standards, they may decide not to come back, and they also invite others not to go to that make leading to loss of customers (Schegg and Stengel, 2017, p. 33). Each market should advance its technology. Bibliography Cho, M., Bonn, M.A. and Braymer, R.A., 2017. A constraint-based approach to wine tourism market segmentation.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Research,41(4), pp.415-444. Chon, K.S., 2015. Self-image/destination image congruity.Annals of Tourism Research,19(2), pp.360-363. Croce, E. And Perris, G., 2017.Food and wine tourism. Cobi. Kumar, J. And Yang, C.L., 2017. Service quality and loyalty of international students studying in the field of hospitality and tourism.MOJEM: Malaysian Online Journal of Educational Management,2(3), pp.97-118. Millar, M., Mao, Z. And Morea, P., 2010. Hospitality tourism educators vs. The industry: A competency assessment.Journal of Hospitality Tourism Education,22(2), pp.38-50. Schegg, R. And Stengel, B., 2017. Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2017 Sparks, B.A., Bradley, G.L. and Callan, V.J., 2011. The impact of staff empowerment and communication style on customer evaluations: The special case of service failure.Psychology Marketing,14(5), pp.475-493. Xiang, Z., Du, Q., Ma, Y. And Fan, W., 2017. A comparative analysis of major online review platforms: Implications for social media analytics in hospitality and tourism.Tourism Management,58, pp.51-65.

Idealism and Influence in The Picture of Dorian Gray Essay Example

Idealism and Influence in The Picture of Dorian Gray Paper The two books that will be compared In the following are very different books Indeed. Having said this, two things are consistent throughout; the theme of Influencing others with certain Idealism, and the consequences this can bring about. However, the ways In which Gilding and Wiled express this are very different. The following will discuss the characters and objects used to express influences, how they go about this influence, and the ultimate corruptive effect they have on their victims. It will also discuss the rather contrasting ideals imposed and implied, while making parallels between them with their similarities. Idealism, in this essay, will refer to the moral code and values which are held by a character, collective, or concept. Initially, the theme of influence is portrayed by the character of Henry Watson in Dorian Gray. Even in the opening chapter of the book. He Is seen to have an influence over Dorian with his musical language, charm, and unconventionality. The Ideals he stands for, the value of beauty and youth over any socially accepted moral code, grabbed Doormans attention with their uniqueness, while Watson himself allowed his words to enrapture Dorian. Dorian admits that The few words that [Watson] had said o him Had touched some secret chord that had never been touched before. This is an immediate reaction upon their first meeting, and the influence of Watson on Grays psyche is equally immediate: Life suddenly became fiery-colored to him. With this astounding impact on Doormans mentality, it is not surprising that he should become spellbound by Whatnots influence and become his little science experiment. As a parallel, the theme of influence in The Lord of the Flies is not set on one character throughout, but on the key object being the conch. We will write a custom essay sample on Idealism and Influence in The Picture of Dorian Gray specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Idealism and Influence in The Picture of Dorian Gray specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Idealism and Influence in The Picture of Dorian Gray specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The conch is a tool of influence, In hat the person who holds it is the person who speaks. Initially, Ralph is made the chief on the Island due to him rallying up all of the children using the conch. It Is an item which Is symbolic of law and order throughout the novel; It sets the holder apart from the rest of the children. The being that had blown that, had sat walling for them on the platform with the delicate thing balanced on his knees, was set apart. Piggy, who is the greatest advocate for reason and intellect on the island, values the conch in this way above all, and hence Gilding coincides his destruction with that of he conch. There is another influence on Dorian in Wilds book, being the Yellow Book, a tale of a young Parisian who encounters all the debauchery of life which Dorian relates to immensely. We find that Dorian is handed this book by Watson as another psychological experiment to discover how Dorian will react to this external Influence other than Watson, and It works disturbingly well; Dorian lives out his entire life seeking the pleasures and sensations which the book entails: For years, Dorian Gray could not free himself from the Influence of this book. Throughout Wilds novel as a hole, there is the impression that Dorian is most strongly influenced by ideals which and beauty must affect Dorian since he himself is young, beautiful, and, most fatally, vain. Once this egotistical mentality has set in, the Yellow Book reveals to Dorian what is possible with this indulgent lifestyle: The Parisian Became to him a kind of prefiguring type of himself. An external influence on the children in Lord of the Flies is the environment in which they were living. Being marooned on a lost island was a key factor in the boys increasing tendency towards savagery. Without adult prevision and with no social norms other than what they had learned during their upbringing, the boys literally ran wild (with their conformity degenerating over time). They lost their regard for rules, as Jack exclaims when he is breaking them, Who cares? The island did not cause the boys to become this way, but the fact that they were there, isolated from any other human contact, did indeed give ample opportunity for their primitive instincts to run full course. The idealism represented by Lord Watson is a form of Hedonism, wherein beauty, youth, and pleasure seeking are the main points of existence for an individual. These ideals are made evident from where he discusses the fact that Doormans youth and beauty will fade in the future, and so he needs to make the most of his every waking moment in his pursuit of debauchery: We are punished for our refusals. Every impulse that we strive to strangle broods in the mind, and poisons us. Resist it, and your soul grows sick with longing for the things it has forbidden itself. This ideal is also followed through in the Yellow Book, where the Parisian pleasure seeker wishes to make the most of his existence by delving deep into the sins of this world. However, according to Watson, sin is merely a matter of perspective, and so Dorian holds no regard for the real socially accepted morality of his actions throughout the novel. This is amplified, in a sense, by Doormans ageing and sin being projected onto the portrait rather than himself, meaning if nobody sees the portrait, he might live a secret alter-ego life of debauchery and sin while maintaining his pleasant, civilized fade in the public eye. There are several different ideals represented by different characters in Lord of the Flies: Piggy is the voice of intellectualism and rationality; Ralph represents a teleological moral system; Jack seems to portray a reign of terror (Utilizing the threat of the beasts to his advantage and promising protection from them); and Simon, perhaps the most insightful character, represents compassion, innocence, a naturalistic existence, and a form of spirituality. Simonys spiritual idealism is brought across when he realizes that the beasts are really the original sin dwelling inside of the boys, an impurity which cannot be cleansed but still resides inherently in mans nature: Maybe there is a beast Maybe its only us. Both of the novels seem to imply a theme of corruption throughout. In Dorian Gray, the obvious corruption is that of Doormans previously pure soul. Before he met Watson, untarnished by his influence, Dorian was a sweet, shy, innocent boy who did not know sin. On the contrary, once he meets Watson, the corruptive influence he has on Dorian is shown in a manner most graphic and explicit, with the effect of Doormans sins being shown on the portrait as he lives his life: Sometimes loathing it and himself. In Lord of the Flies, there is the idea that the environment is one of the As discussed previously, the boys lack of rules and social norms means that there is no need to comply to any since there will be no immediate consequences, according to them: The world, that understandable and lawful world, was slipping away. However, the fact that Doormans sin and objectively worse nature was more unlocked than anything, and the fact that the boys on the island were not directly influenced or corrupted by anyone and simply allowed themselves to get this way, implies that there is an inherent evil within man, and that in certain circumstances, this evil can e released and allowed to run wild. A common factor in the two books regarding the corruption discussed in the previous paragraph is that the corruption and loss of innocence in the two novels is due to a lack of consequence. Dorian values his good looks over everything; this is from the direct influence of Lord Watson. Since his looks cannot be affected by any sin he may accrue throughout his grossly indulgent existence, he does not believe that there is a real consequence for his actions, as what matters most to him remains safe: Smiling, with a secret pleasure, at the misshapen shadow that had to bear the ruder that should have been his own. Somewhat similarly, in Lord of the Flies, the lack of rules among the society makes for a lack of punishment and discipline. Children of their age would be used to having a structure in their lives, and living by their own rules without consequence, everything descends into chaos. The lack of consequence from adults means that the children indulge in the fact that they can get away with pretty much anything. Both of these books have a climax that is a result of the corruption of Dorian and the boys separately; murder. In Dorian Gray, the arguable climax is the murder of Basil Hallways after he witnesses the portrait which haunts Dorian and is the only real reminder of how human he really is. Since Hallways was the creator of the portrait, Dorian holds him somewhat responsible for the portraits sins rather than cursing himself for committing them: An uncontrollable feeling of hatred for Basil Hallways came over him, as though it had been suggested to him by the image on the canvas. Murder is seen as one of mans greatest sins, and so to kill the creator of the picture which displays a mans sins has something of an irony about it. When the sys kill Piggy, they are descending into true savagery by killing off the last remaining voice of reason and intellect which effectively kills off order. This, coinciding with the destruction of the conch, shows that murder is the point at which innocence and order are totally lost beyond the point of return. Therefore, both novels consider murder to be the result of corruption of the soul and a loss of innocence due to the corruptive influences surrounding the concerned parties. In summarization of the question, influence and idealism are two major themes in Lord of the Flies and The Picture of Dorian Gray. There are corruptive influences in both books and ideals which are corrupted in both also. There is also the implication of an inherent evil, an original sin of man that rears its ugly head when there are no immediate consequences to cause it to remain internal. The influences, whether in are vulnerable and susceptible to such influences by appealing to the vanity of the young man, or to the rebelliousness and unruliness of the castaway children. There are plenty of contrasting ideals that appear, however, it always seems that the most negative ones are prevalent.

Stephen Foster essays

Stephen Foster essays Stephen Foster was one of the most influential composers of the pre-Civil war era. He composed some of the most famous American songs ever. Among these are Oh! Susanna, De Camp Town Races, and I Dream of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair. Unfortunately, he sold the rights to some of his best songs. Stephen Collins Foster, the ninth of William B. and Eliza T. Foster's ten children (plus a son fathered by William before the marriage and later raised as their oldest child), was born July 4, 1826, in a small cottage on the hillside above the Allegheny River in Lawrenceville, east of Pittsburgh. The tenth child died as an infant, leaving Stephen as the "baby" of the family to be indulged by older brothers and sisters. Fosters music was a unique blend of minstrel and plantation melodies. The form in most of Fosters songs is Strophic. This is the most common form of music. Strophic form occurs when two or more verses of text are set to the same melody. This is evident in his songs Oh! Susanna and I Dream of Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair. This is the standard form for most songs. The repetition of the melody is necessary to keep the rhyme scheme alive. Most of Fosters songs also include the accompaniment of anther instrument. Usually a simple piano or guitar was used to compliment the tone. The meter in Fosters songs is commonly Duple, as in Oh! Susana. In this song, the meter is set so that lines 1 and 3 are the same. Also, lines 2 and 4 and the second line of the chorus are practically the same. Foster also sometimes uses the Quadruple meter form. The Quadruple form has four beats per measure. The music of Stephen Foster has a lot of historical significance. His songs were written in the mid 1800s, prior to the civil war. Fosters songs set the style for the patriotic songs of the civil war. It has even been said th...

Cont-wk5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cont-wk5 - Essay Example nner must prepare themselves through training, but if they do not have the motivation to succeed or expect to succeed they probably will not do as well as someone who does have the motivation and the expectation to succeed. Estrella (2007) suggests that in order to close the achievement gap, teachers must lead their classrooms and motivate their students. This means that they must engage their students in learning and essentially make them want to learn. This is clear to see that within the context of Atkinsons theory, because children in classrooms must have internal motivation to achieve in order to allow the teacher to bring out the motivation inside the classroom. In fact, Estrella suggests that teachers who are able to see poor performance must check to see whether the child is motivated to learn or not. It is my opinion that there must be internal motivation because there is so much happening in a childs life today. As an example, the computer, television and video games can play such a role in a childs life that they lose their motivation to succeed in school unless the technology is available. This can damage a childs internal motivation and make them listless in school. Gatto (2010) tells students that they must be engaged in his classroom and by using this lesson and six others he has been able to successfully motivate students to learn. through motivation. Lubin leaders and scholars senior thesis. Pace University. Retrieved October 6, 2010 from

Finance Policies and Strategies of Multinational Enterprise Essay

Finance Policies and Strategies of Multinational Enterprise - Essay Example Actively managing financial risks allows us to continue doing what we do best – designing and selling great products – instead of just reacting to problems linked to events beyond our control. These risks arise due to the unavoidable effects that some political and natural events have on currency exchange and interest rates. When one of the countries where we operate slides into an economic crisis, for example, a government might impose exchange or currency controls, affecting our cash flow, profits, and funds transfer mechanisms and creating potentially adverse effects on our finances and stock price. These risks arise both from the likelihood that something good will not happen or that something bad will happen (Read and Kaufman, 1997, p. 112). Financial risks are those that threaten the efficiency of the worldwide movement of money and profits amongst our affiliated companies through internal transfer mechanisms (Shapiro, 2003, p. 26). We are exposed to this risk that has several types, amongst which the most relevant given the events just outlined are currency, credit, inflation, and market risks. Although most of the critical events are non-political in nature, their effects on the respective national economies may cause political risks that we must address. Our cost of capital and debt is affected by fluctuations in exchange and interest rates, inflation, and stock market volatility. We also need to manage transaction exposures, the possibility of incurring gains or losses on sales, purchases, and investment decisions entered into and denominated in foreign currencies (Eiteman et al., 2004, p. 155-176). International Finance Strategies Risks are uncertainties and sources of anxiety we need to deal with. Most business and financial risks are caused by outside events and changes in economic variables (GDP growth, commodity prices, interest rates, foreign exchange rates, and stock prices) over which we have virtually no control (Froot et al., 1994). Our inability to control these events, however, does not mean we cannot manage their effects.We manage the consequences of financial risks by adjusting our operational, financial, and investment strategies. Some risks we can take and others we cannot.

COIS20025-Assessment-Item1 (information system of master) Essay

COIS20025-Assessment-Item1 (information system of master) - Essay Example The other records such as staff and finance details are not handled and modeled into the system. The very idea to create an integrated system would involve fetching the large scale behavior of all the entities of the system. The reason is that due to lack of integration, not all entities are participating in the system and thus prevail the inconsistency. The various procedures are being performed in the student record management system relate to the various functions like record of student data, student attendance, student fees and several factors for determining the objective of running of the system. i. Student records – It is stored for collecting the records of various students who take admission. Their detailed data is stored in the system. It is stored and taken care by the admission personnel. The records in respect to students detail and students attendance is maintained in simple text based system with no functionality towards unique storage of data, consistency of data, integrity rules and association among various records. The processes that are carried out entails the various forms of compliances required by the school and highlight the need for a revamped system for data storage and detail. iii. Processes: The various processes would highlight for determination of the student’s present status in an organization and derive the very detail for their recording the personal and academic details. The various fees related detail would help the school to track down the numbers for non-payment of their fees and issue notifications accordingly. iv. Performance: Currently the system has very poor response system and lacks all performance requirements. The performance of the system would improve as the proposed system would be highly updated with no redundancies, retrieval of consistent information and make sure to fetch the right detail

Euthyphros Definition Of Piety

Euthyphros Definition Of Piety In Platos Euthyphro, the character Euthyphro attempts to define the pious as what all the gods love. In this essay, I will examine the basis on which Socrates rejects this definition. In order to do so, I will provide an outline of the dialogue for context. Furthermore, I will analyse what Socrates seems to require for a good definition. Finally, I will attempt to defend Euthyphros definition. Socrates rejects Euthyphros definition on the grounds that his reasoning is circular, but I will argue that by removing the implicit requirement that there needs to be a cause for what the gods love, Euthyphros definition stands up to Socrates argument while falling under his requirements for a good definition. In the Euthyphro, Socrates wants Euthyphro to instruct him on definition of the pious, as Euthyphro is considered an authority on all religious matters, and Socrates believes that by coming under his tutelage he can escape Meletus charges should he prosecute Socrates. Socrates and Euthyphro agree that there must be one exact standard or characteristic quality by which all pious things are pious and everything impious, in contrast to the pious, is impious. Socrates wants to know what this quality is. Euthyphro suggests that prosecuting those who commit injustices is pious, and not prosecuting them is impious, regardless of whom they may be. He references his prosecution of his own father for murder as an example. He notes that Zeus imprisoned his own father for wickedly devouring his own children. As Zeus is the best and most just of all the gods (6a), if he behaves rightly in imprisoning his father for injustice, Euthyphros actions must be pious for following this example. Socrates feels that this is not a good definition of piety. He points out prosecuting those who commit injustices is merely an example of a pious act, and not a definition of piety itself. Euthyphro concedes that there are many more pious deeds that do not consist of prosecuting offenders. Socrates then asks Euthyphro to tell him the the essential aspect, by which all holy acts are holy (6d). Euthyphro then proposes another definition: that piety is what is agreeable to the gods. Socrates proceeds to investigate whether or not this more general definition is accurate. First, he notes out that the gods themselves often quarrel, as is recounted in the myths that Euthyphro believes in so literally. Socrates points out that arguments do not persist over disputed facts, since agreements can be reached through calculation or investigation, but rather over questions of value, such as what is right and wrong, and noble and disgraceful, and good and bad (7d). Euthyphro agrees with this assessment. Socrates points out that if the gods quarrel over what is just and what is good, then there is clearly no agreement among them on such issues. After all, if they have different opinions on justice, it follows that they must approve of different things. Therefore there must be certain things that are loved by some gods and unloved by other gods. But according to Euthyphros definition, that would mean that those things are both pious and impious, since they are approved of by some gods and disapproved of by others. This is clearly contradictory to the earlier assertion that there is one standard for piety, and concordantly for impiety since the impious is that which is not pious. Euthyphro replies that surely the gods all agree that a person who kills someone unjustly should be punished. Socrates replies that the argument is not about whether or not an acknowledged wrongdoer should be punished, but about whether that person has in fact acted unjustly. Hence for Euthyphros argument to have any weight, he needs not to show that the gods agree that someone who murders unjustly should be punished, but that they agree that a particular murder is unjust in the first place. All of this gives us an idea as to what Socrates considers a good definition. He is not satisfied with answers that pertain to certain types of piety, or specific examples of piety. The answer must concern a quality that involves all forms of piety and to nothing that is not pious. In short, a good definition, for Socrates, requires both generality and exclusivity. Furthermore, it must have explanatory power. A statement of somethings non-essential attributes might be true, but would qualify as a definition because it does not explain what that thing is; it merely describes some of that things properties. Eurthyphros responds by changing his earlier definition; he proposes that the pious is what all the gods love, and impiety is what they all hate. Socrates responds by asking Euthyphro whether pious deeds are approved by the gods because they are pious or whether they are pious because they are approved by the gods. The point he wants to make here is that there is a difference between being something and getting something. There are three things that can be said about any action: (1) it is pious, (2) it gets approved by the gods, and (3) it is approved by the gods. The distinction between statements (2) and (3) is that (2) deals with the act of approval by the gods and (3) deals with the state of the action as being approved of by the gods. Causally, (3) must follow (2). The three claims Euthyphro makes are: (i) something gets approved by the gods because it is pious; (ii) something is approved of by the gods because it gets approved of by the gods (this claim is implicit); (iii) what is pious is what is approved of by the gods. The first claim (i) says that (2) is true if (1) is true, (ii) states that (3) is true if (2) is true, and (iii) states that (1) is equivalent to (3). But (i) and (ii) imply that if (1) is true then (3) is true, which is not the same as saying that (1) is the same as (3). Even if (1) and (3) refer to the same thing, they do not have the same meaning. Therefore Euthyphros cannot claim that the definition of piety is that which all the gods love without his reasoning being circular. While Socratess argument is indeed a powerful blow against Euthyphros definition, we shall try and see if it is at all possible to defend Euthyphros definition. One way do so is by going back to the question that Socrates poses to him about whether that which is pious is loved by the gods because it is pious or whether it is pious because it is loved by the gods. The question assumes that the gods need a reason to love something, which is not necessarily the case. If the approval of the gods does not require a cause, then piety can certainly be defined to be that which the gods love without causing any inconsistency. We note that what is pious is always pious. It does not seem to make any sense that what is pious today will be impious tomorrow. It follows that what is pious today was pious yesterday, and what was pious yesterday was pious the day before that, and so on until we arrive at the first cause of piety itself, which is defined as what all the gods love. Under this framework , piety is the state of being loved by all the gods, but it is meaningless to ask what prompts the gods to love something; that is, what caused the gods to love it. Socrates would no doubt complain that this makes piety a rather arbitrary affair, but that should not hinder Euthyphro. It has already been affirmed that different gods can love different things. That indicates that the likes and dislikes of the gods are not based on some higher principles, but are in fact arbitrary. Even so, it is always possible that all the gods can all love the same thing. This can happen purely by chance, but that would still not change that thing from being pious under Euthyphros definition. We note that Euthyphros definition is overarching definition that includes all that is pious and excludes everything else, while having sufficient explanatory power. While Socrates argument against Euthyphros definition is strong, it does not necessarily invalidate the definition. By removing the implicit requirement that the gods need a reason to love something, the definition holds up to both Socrates argument as well as his requirements for a good definition.

Mental Health Refore: What It Would Really Take Essay -- essays resear

Mental Health Reform: What It Would Really Take In today’s society there is a greater awareness of mental illnesses. With this greater awareness one might assume that there would be a substantial increase in government involvement or funding in the area of mental illness treatment. Unfortunately this isn’t the case in the U.S. today. There are hundreds of thousands of people with mental illness that go untreated. These potential patients go untreated for many reasons. These reasons are discussed in the Time article â€Å"Mental Health Reform: What Would it Really Take.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The article gives some examples of what has happened to people that have not received mental treatment due to lack of government funding. These mentally ill people often don’t receive treatment because the police are often picking up the mentally ill and they are not trained to diagnose mental problems so the problems go unnoticed. This can prove to be fatal. The article tells about a New York man who asked to be hospitalized because he was terrified of phantom voices instead of the correct treatment budget conscious officials most often referred him to short term emergency care. Last year the man in a psychotic state shoved a woman from a subway platform to her death under the wheels of the train. The article also discusses some possible solutions that could help stop such tragedies. The main person that is speaking out for more government aid is vice-president’s wife Tipper Gore. Ti...

Barriers to entry

In the theory of competition in the field of economics, barriers to entry refer to the obstacles that a firm faces in entering a certain market. Barriers to entry are made to block prospective competitors from entering a market valuably. These are designed to protect or secure the monopoly power of the present and existing firms in a market hence maintaining monopoly gains or profits in the long run.Barriers to entry are an incumbent firm’s source of pricing power since it gives a firm such capability to raise or increase their prices without losing their customers. There are many forms of barriers to entry into market. One of the more known and important barriers to entry are government regulations. Through such regulations entry in one’s market may be more difficult or even impossible. There are other extreme cases where the government make competition unlawful hence creating a statutory monopoly in the country.This type of barrier can be in the form of permits, licen ses or tariffs that in turn raises the investment required in entering a market thus establishing an efficient barrier to entry. Another type of barrier to entry is marketing or advertising. By spending greatly on advertising that new firms find difficult to do, present or incumbent firms, make it hard for new entrants to penetrate the market. Sunk cost, is another form of barrier to entry. Sunk costs are costs that a firm cannot recover once it decides to leave the industry.In turn, sunk costs strengthen the risk and discourage entry for new firms. Research and development can also be a barrier to entry in a market. Strong spending by one firm on its research and development can be a great restriction to potential competitors to a certain industry. Concentrated research by incumbent firms makes them more competitive in the industry thus giving them edge and structural advantage over prospective competitors. Barriers to entry indeed limit competition in an industry or market.There a re several more barriers to entry such as control of resources, distributor agreements, and economy of scale, investment, intellectual property, supplier agreements, predatory pricing, and a lot more. All of these are hindrances that new firms may encounter when trying to penetrate a market or industry. Works Cited Geroski, Paul. Barriers to Entry and Strategic Competition (Fundamentals of Pure and Applied Economics). New York: Routledge, 1990. Print.

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners

Banking and Business Abbreviations for English Learners Its common in banking and business to use abbreviations for a wide range of specific business expressions. Youll find each expression followed by the appropriate abbreviations below. Remember that abbreviations and acronyms are used differently in English. Abbreviations are used to replace words or expressions while acronyms simply take the first letter of each word. Its true that some abbreviations are acronyms, but not all. Common Banking and Business Abbreviations Against all risks a.a.r.Account a/cAccount current A/CAccommodation ACC/ACCOMAccount acct.Actual cash value a.c.v.After date a.d.Addition/Additional add.Advise adv.Air freight bill a.f.b.Agency agcy.Agent agt.Air mail transfer a.m.t.Account of a/oAccounts payable A.P.Authority to pay A/PAccounts receivable A.R.All risks a/rArrive/Arriving arr.Arrange/Arrangement/Arranging arr/arrng.Approximate/Approximately approx.Account sales A/S, A.S.At sight a/sAs soon as possible asapAttention attn.Atomic weight at. wt.Average av.Actual weight a/wAir waybill a.w.b.Balance bal.Barrel bar.Barrel bbl.Brought down b/dBill of exchange B/E, b/eBrought forward b/fBefore bfor.Bill of health B.H.Bank bk.Brokerage bkge.Bill of lading B/LBrought over b/oBills payable B.P.By procuration b.p.Bills receivable B.R.Balance sheet B/SBerth terms b.t.Bushel bu.Book value B/VCirca: centaire ca.Chartered accountant C.A. Current account c.a.Cash against documents C.A.D.Cash book C.B.Cash before delivery C.B.D.Carbon copy c.c.Carried down c/dCum dividend c.d.Carried forward c/fCompare cfCost and freight c fClearing house C/HCustom house C.H.Charges forward ch. fwd.Charges paid ch. pd.Charges prepaid ch. ppd.Cheque, check chq.Cost, insurance, freight c. i. f.Cost, insurance, freight and commission c.i.f. c.Cost, insurance, freight, and interest c.i.f. i.Car load c.l.Call of more C/mCredit note C/NCare of c/oCompany co.Cash on delivery C.O.D.Commission comm.Corporation corp.Cash on shipment C.O.S.Carriage paid C.P.Charter party C/PCharters pay duties c.p.d.Corporation cpn.Credit; creditor cr.Cable transfer C/TConstructive total loss c.t.l.Constructive total loss only c.t.l.o.Cumulative cum.Cum dividend cum div.Cumulative preference cum. pref.Commercial weight c/wCash with order C.W.O.Hundredweight cwt.Documents against acceptance; deposit account D/A Documents against payment DAPDebenture db.Deferred def.Department dept.Dead freight d.f.Draft dft.Draft attached dtf/a.Clean draft dft/c.Discount disc.Dividend div.Dayletter DLDaily letter telegram DLTDebit note D/NDelivery order D/ODitto do.Dozen doz.Documents against payment D/PDebtor dr.Doctor Dr.Days after sight d/s, d.s.Deadweight d.w.Dock warrant D/WPennyweight dwt.Dozen dz.European Currency Unit ECUEast European Time E.E.T.For example e.g.Enclosure encl.Endorsement end.Errors and omissions excepted E. O.E.End of month e.o.m.Except otherwise herein provided e.o.h.p.Especially esp.Esquire Esq.Established est.Out exex coupon ex cp.Ex dividend ex div.ex interest ex. int.ex new (shares) ex h.ex store ex stre.ex wharf ex whf.Free of all average f.a.a.Fast as can f.a.c.Freight all kinds f.a.k.Fair average quality; free alongside quay f.a.q.Frequently asked questions F.a.q.Free alongside ship f.a.s. For cash f/cFree of capture and seizure f.c. s.Free of capture, seizure, riots, and civil commotion f.c.s.r. c.c.Free delivery to dock F.D.Free discharge f.d.Following; folios ff.Free of general average f.g.a.Free in bunker f.i.b.Free in and out f.i.o.Free in truck f.i.t.Free on board f.o.b.Free of charge f.o.c.Free of damage f.o.d.Following; folio fol.Free on quay f.o.q.Free on rail f.o.r.Free on streamer f.o.s.Free on truck(s) f.o.t.Free on wagons; free on wharf f.o.w.Floating policy F.P.Fully paid f.p.Free of particular average f.p.a.Freight frt.Freight paid frt. pd.Freight prepaid frt. ppd.Freight forward frt. fwd.Foot ft.Forward fwd.Foreign exchange f.x.General average g.a.Goods in bad order g.b.o.Good merchantable brand g.m.b.Good merchantable quality g.m.q.Greenwich Mean Time G.M.T.Gross national product GNPGood ordinary brand g.o.b.Gross gr.Gross register ton GRTGross weight gr. wt.Gross tonnage GT Home consumption h.c.Height hgt.Hogshead hhd.Head office H.O.Hire purchase H.P.Horsepower HPHeight ht.Integrated data processing IDPThat is i.e.Insufficient funds I/FIndicated horsepower i.h.p.Import imp.Incorporated Inc.Inclusive incl.Interest int.Invoice inv.I owe you I.O.U.Joint account J/A, j.a.Junior Jr.Kilovolt KVKilowat KWKilowatt hour KWhLetter of credit L/C, l.c.Telegram in the language of the country of destination LCDTelegram in the language of the country of origin LCOLanding; loading ldg.Long ton l.t.Limited Ltd.Long ton l. tn.Month m.My account m/aMaximum max.Memorandum of deposit M.D.Months after date M/D, m.d.Memorandum memo.Plural of Mr. Messrs.Manufacturer mfr.Minimum min.Minimum lending rate MLRMoney order M.O.My order m.o.Mortgage mortg.Months after payment M/P, m.p.Mates receipt M/RMonths sight M/S, m.s.Mail transfer M.T.Making-up price M/UName; noiminal n.No account n/a No advice N/ANo commercial value n.c.v.No date n.d.Not elsewhere specified n.e.s.No funds N/FNight letter NLNo noting N/NNo orders N/ONumber no.Not otherwise enumerated n.o.e.Numbers nos.No par value NPVNumber nr.Net register ton n.r.t.Not sufficient funds N/SNot sufficient funds NSFNet weight n. wt.On account o/aOverseas common point OCPOn demand; overdraft O/D, o/dOmissions excepted o.e.Overhead o/hOr nearest offer ono.Order of O/oOpen policy O.P.Out of print; overproof o.p.Owners risk O/R, o.r.Order, ordinary ord.Out of stock O.S., o/sOvertime OTPage; per: premium p.Particular average: per annum P.A., p.a.Power of attorney; private account P/APhase alternation line PALPatent-pending pat. pend.Pay as you earn PAYEPetty cash p/cPecent; price current p.c.Parcel pcl.Paid pd.Preferred pf.Package pkg.Profit and loss P/LPartial loss p.l.Promissory note P/NPost office; postal order P.O.Post office box P.O.B. 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Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essays

Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essays Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essay Free Primary Education in Kenya Essay Essay Recognition I acknowledge my God for proviso of good wellness. sound head and in stamp lovingness. I besides express the same to my lector Mr. Malel for his diligent and hardworking work he did to me in the procedure of composing up the undertaking. I besides acknowledge the parts of my co-workers and my household for the forbearance and encouragement that they have given me since I begun the undertaking. I besides acknowledge the free entree to the Kenya National Library Service in Kericho. Dedication I dedicate this study to my Almighty Father for His countless Mercies and Eternal Providence. I besides dedicate it to my household. my parents and my kids. Abstract The survey investigated the statistical relationship between the debut of FPE and the registration of childs in ECD centres. The paper begins by measuring the alterations in registration prior and after the debut of FPE in 2002. It so delves into the inquiry of why this happens. The covered Mogogosiek Zone although the findings is relevant for the whole state. The research worker sampled six schools as the sample to stand for 20 schools in the zone. The random sample technique was used since all schools are homogenous. The research worker used questionnaires and observation to roll up informations in the field. The undertaking is utile for the stakeholders in the ECD sector runing from school caputs to authorities decision makers involved with ECD work. Table of Contents DECLARATION BY CANDIDATEii DECLARATION BY THE SUPERVISORii Acknowledgementiii Dedicationiv Abstractv Abbreviations and Acronymsviii CHAPTER ONE1 Introduction1 1. 1Background of the Problem1 1. 2 Statement of the Problem3 1. 3Objectives of the Study4 1. 4 Purpose of the Study5 1. 5 Justification of the Project6 1. 6 Significance of the Study7 1. : 7 Limitations8 1. 8 Delimitations9 CHAPTER TWO10 Literature Review10 2. 1 The effects of the debut of FPE on enrollment10 2. 2 Factors that have led to low registration as a consequence of debut of FPE in Kenya13 2. 3 Impact of FPE on registration in ECDs16 CHAPTER THREE18 Methodology18 3. 1 Research Design18 3. 2 Location of the Study19 3. 3 Target Population20 3. 4 Sample Population21 3. 5 Sampling Method22 3. 6 Research Instruments23 CHAPTER FOUR24 Data Representation24 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Consequence Of Introduction of Fpe in the 10 Sampled Institutions24. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Consequence Of Introduction Of FPE26 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class27 CHAPTER FIVE28 Conclusions28 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools28 5. 2 The Effectss of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools28 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. 28 5. 4 Effectss of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class29 APPENDIX A30 QUESTIONNAIRE FOR ECD TEACHERS30. APPENDIX B35 BIBLIOGRAPHY35 APPENDIX C36 Work Schedule36 APPENDIX D37 Budget37 APPENDIX D38 Introduction letter38 Abbreviations and Acronyms ECD = Early Childhood Development ECDE = Early Childhood Development and Education. MDG = Millennium Development Goals. UN = United Nations FPE = Free Primary Education. GER=Gross Enrolment Rate is calculated by spliting the figure of kids of whatever age enrolled in preschool by the estimated figure of 3-5 twelvemonth olds. UNESCO= United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural organisation. OECD=Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. MOEST=Ministry of Education. Science and Technology CHAPTER ONE Introduction This chapter introduces the research subject. It begins with an debut followed by a statement of the job and eventually the intent of the survey. 1. 1Background of the Problem As portion of his run pronunciamento. President Kibaki introduced the Free Primary Education plan in Primary schools. The plan was meant to take to high registration of students in both primary school and ECD centres in Kenya. The natural corollary was that the ECD registration would lift as a consequence of the debut of FPE. However. statistics show the reverse. The rate of registration in ECD centres has reduced following the debut of FPE. This shows a negative correlativity between registration and FPE. This undertaking sought to set up the fact that so registration in FPE has declined since the debut of FPE in schools. Paper besides sought to give grounds why the rate of registration in ECD bears a negative correlativity with the FPE support. This has been a surprise happening given that the purpose of the authorities is to develop instruction in Kenya holistically. The undertaking besides assessed the likely statistical relationship between registration in primary and ECD It showed that. the higher the enrolment rate in primary school the lower the registration in ECD. This undertaking sought to give grounds for that relationship and supply for suggestions on how the job can be solved. 1. 2 Statement of the Problem The job was to analyze the effects that FPE has had on registration in ECDCs. The undertaking besides studied the causes of the negative relationship between FPE support and low registration in ECDCs. The job is that due to the debut of FPE. students have been fall ining category one without traveling through the ECD categories. This is a worrying tendency as it suggests a low degree of readiness of the students in lower primary school. It besides points to the demand to see ECD in public support 1. 3Objectives of the Study The undertaking studied the undermentioned aims: [ a ] To set up the consequence of the debut of FPE on registration in ECDS attached to public primary schools. [ B ] To set up the effects of the debut of FPE on registration of students in ECDS attached to private primary schools. [ hundred ] To find the extent to which registration in ECDCs have declined in Mogogosiek zone as a consequence of the debut of FPE. [ vitamin D ] To find the effects of debut of FPEs on registration in ECDS per economic category. 1. 4 Purpose of the Study The intent of the survey was to find the effects of the debut of Free Primary Education on registration in ECDs in primary schools in Kenya. 1. 5 Justification of the Undertaking This undertaking is justified on the undermentioned evidences. First. small effort has been made to find the relationship between the debut of FPE nationally and registration of students in ECDs locally. There is besides need to find the causes of the diminution in registration in ECDs as a consequence of debut of FPE. The diminution has largely affected the hapless who consist of the most vulnerable group. That the debut of FPE has negatively affected the hapless in footings of taking their kids to the ECD has great deductions to contending poorness in the state. It shows that the kids of the hapless have hapless foundation and will most likely perform ill subsequently in life thereby widening the poorness spread wider still 1. 6 Significance of the Study This survey is of import because of a figure of grounds. First. the authorities must cognize the impacts of its support primary schools or other establishments. The FPE is an incorporate development plan and it should take to a holistic development of the instruction sector in general and non a lopsided development of the state. Second. the authorities will acquire information on the degree of foundational instruction in rural countries and design effectual policies that will help the province in guaranting high criterions of instruction in ECD and guarantee effectual passage from ECD to primary school. Third. there is an on-going force per unit area on the authorities to fund the ECD sector in Kenya. This paper is meant to guarantee that this end is attained. Last. educational practicians peculiarly ECD instructors and decision makers will be reminded of the demand to guarantee a high degree of registration in ECDs and effectual passage to primary schools 1. 7 Restrictions During the survey. the research workers were limited by the undermentioned factors. First and first. rural ECD directors were non willing to speak about the low registration in ECD centres. They feared that let go ofing the information would take to negative promotion. Second. most occupants were non really unfastened to give information on where their kids were larning to foreigners. Third. the county is really big and expansive. It was non really easy for the research workers to go from one location to another due to hapless and rugged terrain. Fourth. most occupants have merely recovered from the station electoral force that affected most of the Republic. They are really leery of new comers and more so even occupants inquiring inquiries. They easy take such gestures as police probes. Fifth. though non least. the research worker was affected by deficiency of adequate financess to transport out an in deepness analysis covering the full zone. Even if financess were availed. there was still the demand for more clip to transport out the work. The research workers were affected by deficiency of sufficient clip since they are full clip instructors who need clip to run their establishments apart from carry oning research work. The undertaking was besides be affected by low literacy rate since most parents are non literate plenty to construe and react to questionnaires. 1. 8 Delimitations The delimiting factor is that the research workers come from the survey location and are extremely familiar with the country. Second. the research workers being ECD and Primary instructors. have long and extended experience and contact with ECD and primary school kids. They are besides conversant the running of ECD centres in the state. Third. the research workers used written questionnaires distributed to schools. This minimized the clip needed to travel from one establishment to another and efficaciously cut down the clip needed to speak with an interviewee. Chapter TWO Literature Review 2. 1 The effects of the debut of FPE on registration Many surveies have been conducted to determine the existent consequence of FPE on ECD registration. Most of the surveies have been conducted by International development Agencies such as USAID and DANIDA. The most comprehensive overview. nevertheless. are the surveies conducted by UNESCO and approved by the Ministry of Education. Science and Technology. A UNESCO Policy Review Report. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project. 2005. afterlife to be referred merely to as the UNESCO study 2005. studies that. ‘A 1969 study counted about 200. 000 kids enrolled in 4800 ECD centres with about 5. 000 instructors. The figure of ECD Centers and instructors have been turning steadily and. after a stalled addition of merely 15 % between 1993 and 2000. the registration ratio leaped by 50 % over the following three old ages. The current ( 2001/02 ) GER in preschool is officially 35 % . although the Government’s ain statistics appear to demo a GER of 48 % in 1998. falling to 41 % in 2002. † Such a study shows a diminution in GER in ECD. The twelvemonth in which the FPE was introduced is 2002. Therefore. alterations happening between 2001 and 2002 genuinely indicate effects of FPE on registration. A UNESCO Policy brief on Early Childhood entitled the Impacts of Free Primary Education on Early Childhood Development in Kenya. Jan. to Feb. 2006. by Yoshie Kaga. claims that the overall consequence of FPE has been the decrease of registration in ECD. Here is an extract from the study. â€Å"Studies have been conducted to measure the effects of FPE on ECD centres. Some study on negative effects. while others note no major draw dorsums. While the overall impact of the policy is yet to be determined. the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Mission. which took topographic point in September 2004. observed that the policy did hold a negative impact of FPE on ECD in Kenya and outline two major options that may extenuate possible negative impact. † EFA Global Monitoring study. 2005. UNESCO Publishing studies that the gross registration rate for the age group 3 to 5 was 44. 4 % in 2001. However. the theory that registration rates declined as a consequence of the debut of FPEs is non automatically to be accepted. Some studies indicate that the GER increased as a consequence of the debut of FPE. The UNESCO/OECD Report. 2005. studies in point figure 3. 4. 1. â€Å"The Background Report of Kenya shows that. while registration increased well from 1. 076. 606 to 1. 281. 846 between 1998 and 2002. A closer expression at the figures. nevertheless. suggests two instead upseting tendencies. First. GER’s in preschool have clearly declined since 1998 from 48 % to 41 % . and the major overall diminution took topographic point between 1998 and 1999 before the FPE option arose. In fact. a little addition occurred from 2002 to 2003. after FPE was introduced in January 2003. Second. while he 1998 GER was about the same for male childs and misss. a spread of approximately 4 % in favour of male childs opened up in 2001 and grew to 6 % in 2002. â€Å" The figures in the above study are non the same as other paperss. Harmonizing to the Quantitative Study of the Early Childhood Development Project: Concluding study to MOEST statistics. the 2002 figure is 1. 416. 048 and non 1. 281. 846. These dissenting positions and conflicting figures show that the opposite relationship between FPE and ECD needs to be verified by qualified actuarial reappraisal. The extent of the relationship may necessitate other factors to explicate other than the factors stated above. 2. 2 Factors that have led to low registration as a consequence of debut of FPE in Kenya Many workers have tried to give grounds for the diminution in ECD registration as a consequence of the debut of FPE. However. these are non in the signifier of complex scientific theories. The UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood is one such papers. It explains the phenomenon in the undermentioned footings. â€Å"The chief ground for this phenomenon is that since the execution of FPE. hapless parents are taking to retreat their kids from ECD centres and/or maintain them at place until they reach the age of primary school entry. They refuse to pay the fees for ECD on the evidences that ECD. prevarication primary instruction. should be free. † However. this averment needs to be corroborated by more extended scientific surveies on the causes of the opposite relationship. Economic theories may assist to depict the state of affairs better. Harmonizing to Ricardian analysis. low cost points such as table salt are already sold cheaply and are hence associated with hapless subdivisions of the population. If the monetary value of salt. for illustration is reduced farther. it becomes excessively inexpensive and the purchasers may switch for more dearly-won trade name of salt. This theory seems to keep true for the ECDs in rural countries of Kenya. They are considered really inexpensive. Due to authorities subsidy. the parents may really experience that the quality of primary instruction in public primary schools will worsen. They see kids who have been idle at place. such as street kids being brought to school. This makes them to detest public school instruction and alternatively choose for the dearly-won private schools. As a basic scheme. they decide to inscribe their kids in private ECDs with the concluding that by the clip the kid enters primary school. he or she will hold laid a strong foundation in ECDE. The UNESCO/OECD Report in subdivision 3. 3. 5. Reports that. â€Å"Meanwhile. an appraisal survey of FPE on ECD carried out jointly by the MOEST and UNESCO in February 2004 found that ECD programmes had about collapsed because children’s registration had decreased after the debut of FPE. The survey found that parents opted to direct their kids straight to standard one. which became free. without holding them go through ECD. which was still fees paying. Furthermore. Standard one instructor reported that kids who skipped ECD had trouble get bying with lessons in primary school and ill performed. † Section 3. 3. 4 studies that. â€Å"The Review Team found widespread anecdotal grounds of beads in registration at ECD Centres. particularly in hapless states such as North Eastern†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ many parents have by passed ECD wholly ; many others send their kids merely to pre-unit category of ECD to fix them for primary school. In some countries. parents are maintaining their kids at place until they reach the age of 6 entitling them to free instruction. † Yet other factors have been suggested by the UNESCO Policy Briefs on ECD. Naming it the unintended effect on ECD. the study went on to describe that. â€Å"ECD schoolrooms put up on the premises of public primary schools have been shut down in order to suit the rush of registration in primary schools sparked by FPE. In some instances. ECD kids and instructors must set up with decreased infinite ; in others. they have been moved to the worst schoolrooms in the premises. At the territory degree. review and supervising of ECD centres some of which is carried out by the territory based Zonal Inspector of schools. have reportedly become less frequent. † The UNESCO/OECD study presents a review of the state of affairs therefore: ‘Despite these observations. the impact of FPE on ECD is still capable to challenge. For illustration. it is ill-defined whether FPE has been the chief cause of falling ECD registrations. given the grounds that the diminution may good hold begun good before the debut of the policy. Besides. it is yet to be determined how many of the unprepared students freshly fluxing into standard one would hold gone to ECD Centres if FPE had non been in topographic point. The inflow could merely be explained by a lifting registration of at hazard kids who would non hold been able to afford primary instruction when it was fee paying. allow alone ECD Centres. 2. 3 Impact of FPE on registration in ECDs There is an indicant that poorness may be a great factor finding forms of registration in ECDs. The UNESCO/OECD Report 2005. studies in subdivision 3. 3. 8. Suggest that there is no direct relationship between FPE and ECD. Otherwise. such relationship could be between FPE and other factors that mitigate taking to low registration. The paper points at poorness as one of the factors that lead to low registration as a consequence of the debut of FPE. Section 3. 4. 3 on inequalities in the same study shows that. â€Å"There are obvious geographical inequalities. In Nairobi. for case. far more kids are likely to be enrolled in ECD than in other states with similar poorness degrees. Meanwhile. North Eastern Province has the highest poorness degree and the lowest registration rates. There are besides gender disparities. In Nairobi. misss are more likely to be enrolled whereas in North Eastern state. the contrary is observed. ‘The study claims that the hapless are by and large non able to entree ECD services. â€Å"Even within Nairobi. center and upper category kids benefit most from preschool experiences. Overall. those missing entree to preschool services be given to be kids from disadvantages communities such as semi arid and waterless countries and urban slums. This observation is reinforced by the findings of the Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey. ( UNICEF/Government Survey. 2000 ) demoing that 29. 5 % of kids whose female parents had secondary instruction were enrolled in some signifier of ECD compared to 10. 7 % of those whose female parents had merely completed primary school and 12. 4 % of 2002 of those whose female parents had no schooling. There is besides a clear association between GERs in 1998 and 2002 and the absolute poorness index ( 1997 ) at the territory degree. with eight of the 10 correlativities being negative and statistically important though non really big. ’ The tabular array below was meant to encapsulate the correlativity between poorness index and Ger at territory degree. If these studies are anything to travel by. the research worker expects to happen the diminution in ECD registration to impact chiefly the public ECD Centres as opposed to the private ECD units. | 1998| 1999| 2000| 2001| 2002| Boys| -0. 355| -0. 252| +0. 145| -0. 096| -0. 271| Girls| +0. 007| -0. 287| -0. 272| -0. 048| -0. 290| Correlations between poorness index ( 1997 ) and GERs at District Level Ref: Kenya Human development study ( 2001 ) . UNDP/Background Report of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project ( 2005 ) . MOEST. Govt of Kenya. Statistically important P is less than 0. 05. The research worker will therefore analyze the impacts of socio economic position on registration in ECD Centres. Chapter THREE Methodology 3. 1 Research Design The research worker adopted the diagnostic research design. Harmonizing to Kothari. diagnostic research surveies are necessary to set up causality and causal links of two or three phenomena. The diagnostic research design was be inevitable as the research worker was needed to set up causality among variables: school registration and registration. 3. 2 Location of the Study. The survey was carried out in Konoin District. Mogogosiek Zone. It targeted three schoo 3. 3 Target Population The survey targeted ECD kids. ECD instructors and primary school Head Teachers in Early Childhood Development Centres. 3. 4 Sample Population The survey sampled 10 schools from a sum of 20 two in Mogogosiek Zone. Konoin District. Bomet County. 3. 5 Sampling Method The research worker used simple graded sampling. The listed schools were classified as embarkation and twenty-four hours schools. Two schools were picked from private and three schools will be picked from twenty-four hours public schools class. The proportion was used since there are merely 1 out of 5 embarkation schools in the zone 3. 6 Research Instruments The research worker used questionnaires and survey agendas as the basic research instruments. The questionnaires will be designed and tested on a school that is non portion of the samples. The trial will enable the research workers to find the efficaciousness of the questionnaire. The research worker so wrote to the caputs of the sampled schools seeking permission to carry on research in their establishments. The research worker sampled three schools stand foring all types of primary schools in the survey venue. Chapter FOUR Data Representation 4. 1 The Extent to Which ECD Enrolment Declined as a Consequence Of Introduction of Fpe in the 10 Sampled Institutions The research worker studied the information from 10 schools associating to the rate of registration merely earlier and after the debut of FPE. The consequences were as under: SCHOOL| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2000| ECD ENRLMENT IN 2001| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2002| ECD ENROLMENT IN 2003| 1| 51| 50| 53| 43| 2| 48| 47| 53| 44| 3| 67| 69| 71| 58| A| 41| 43| 44| 61| B| 47| 52| 51| 58| The graph below depicts these informations. The consequences show that there was a general tendency for the registration in ECD in public primary schools to worsen in the twelvemonth following the debut of FPE in 2002. There was addition of the figure of students inscribing in ECDs manned by private schools following the debut of FPE. 4. 2 Reasons for the Decline Of ECD Enrolment as a Consequence Of Introduction Of FPE The research worker sought to set up the causes of declined registration in public ECDs following the debut of FPE in 2002. The undermentioned responses were established. REASON GIVEN| % OF RESPONDENTS| | Fear of low quality due to high registration in class| 44 % | | Fear of hapless foundation in public ECDs| 23 % | | Need to give kids good ECD foundation before fall ining private ECDs| 76 % | | Decline in the position of public ECDs| 39 % | | Demand for free instruction in category one | 17 % | | These informations show that most parents preferable private school ECDs to public school ECDs due to the grounds above: fright that the free primary instruction would take to high enrolment hence low quality of instruction ; the fright that the public school ECDs were non fixing students adequately for primary school instruction ; need to kids good ECD foundation and the diminution of the position of public school ECD. This was aggravated by the debut of street male childs inscribing in public primary schools. 17 % wished to acquire free instruction in category one hence skips the ECD category in order to accomplish this. 4. 3 Impact of FPE on ECD Enrolment per Economic Class The research worker sought to set up the effects that the debut of FPE has led to decreased registration in ECD by economic category. She studied the composing of 10 students in each sampled school to find their economic category. It is found that most of the high category parents of class send their kids to schools A to D. However. the undermentioned statistics relate to the composing of the students in the ECDs attached to public primary schools. The parents were classified as either hapless [ gaining less than 3000 per month ] or mean [ gaining between 3001 and 6000 ] per month. The statistics below show the consequence that the debut of FPE affected the composing of students inscribing in public school ECDs. SCHOOL| POOR| AVERAGE| LOWER MIDDLE| 1| 88 % | 8 % | 4 % | 2| 78 % | 9 % | 13 % | 3| 91 % | 5 % | 4 % | CHAPTER FIVE. Decisions 5. 1 The Relationship between the Introduction of FPE and Enrolment in ECDS Attached to Public Primary schools The survey established that there is a negative relationship between the debut of FPE and the registration in ECD Centres in ECDs attached to public primary schools. The debut of FPE led to cut down registration in primary schools in these schools. 5. 2 The Effectss of Introduction of FPE on Enrolment in ECDS in Private Primary Schools The survey established that the debut of FPE in 2002 led to increased registration in ECDS in private primary school 5. 3 Causes for the Low Enrolment of Pupils in Public Primary School ECDS as A Result of Introduction Of FPE. The survey established that the debut of FPEs led to low registration in ECDS in public primary schools due to the undermentioned grounds: First. most parents feared that the admittance of many students in primary schools will take to low quality of instruction. They hence sought to inscribe their kids in private establishments to get away from the low quality instruction to be experienced in public primary schools. Second. the parents associated the debut of FPE in public primary schools to low prestigiousness. The hapless category could now take their kids to school. This was non possible earlier. Those in the mean category sought to take their kids to better schools in order to keep their position in front of the hapless category. Third. the debut of free instruction in primary school led to the hapless category parents taking their kids direct to category one in order to get away the fees paid in ECD and straight profit from the FPE plan 5. 4 Effectss of Introduction of FPES on ECD per Economic Class. The debut of FPE led to worsen in the figure of the kids of the economically hapless members of the community as compared to the in-between category and the rich who continued to take their kids to private school ECDs. APPENDIX A Questionnaire for ECD Teachers This questionnaire is portion of a research undertaking carried out by the research worker in partial fulfillment for award of the Diploma in ECD. The information obtained will be used for academic intents merely and will non be divulged to 3rd parties. PART ONE General Information 1. Number of Years You have worked in the station: ____________________ Current place held: _______________ 2. Kindly give the students registration in your category by make fulling the signifier below: YEAR| BOYS| GIRLS| TOTAL| STREAMS| 2002| | | | | 2003| | | | | 2004| | | | | 2005| | | | | 2006| | | | | 2007| | | | | 2008| | | | | 2009| | | | | 2010| | | | | 2011| | | | | 3. Who pays for your rewards? Parents NGO County Council 4. Who collects the fees? Heat Teacher Pre-School Teacher 5. How is the fee collected if parents fail to pay? Sending pupils Teachers sing parents 6. How are you paid your rewards? Monthly Quarterly 7. Are parents willing to pay school fees? Yes No 8. Is the fees paid plenty for your rewards? Yes No 9. Are defaulters of fees common? Yes No 10. If yes. what ground do they give for defaulting? ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 11. Are head instructors supportive in covering with defaulters? Yes No 12. - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - What is your suggestion to the authorities in relation to free primary instruction and the manner it affects preschool parents? - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________ 13. Briefly give the age scope of the students in your current category. SEX| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| BOYS| | | | | | | | GIRLS| | | | | | | | TOTAL| | | | | | | | 14. Briefly give the scope of students in 2003 category. SEX| 3| 4| 5| 6| 7| 8| 9| BOYS| | | | | | | | GIRLS| | | | | | | | TOTAL| | | | | | | | 15. In your sentiment. has the entry age changed since debut of FPE? Yes No 16. Make your pre school categories have a commission? Yes No 17. How frequently are parents meetings held? Once a term. Once a twelvemonth. 18. Make you maintain fiscal records of fees collected? Yes No 19. If yes. how many students failed to finish fees in the old twelvemonth? _____________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ __________________________________________________ Thank you really much for reacting to questionnaire truthfully and for being mindful of our research. God bless you. APPENDIX B. Bibliography 1. Economicss Simplified. 2009. Saleemi Publications. Kenya. 2. EFA Global Monitoring Report ( 2004 ) . New York: UNDP. S 3. MOEST. Government of Kenya. 2005. Background study of Kenya for the UNESCO/OECD Early Chidhood Policy Review Project. Government of Kenya. 4. Ngwere M. W. et Al ( 2004 ) . Quantitative Study of the Kenya Early Childhood Development Project. concluding study to the MOEST. June 2004. Nakuru: Sermon educational Advisers. 5. UNESCO/OECD Early Childhood Policy Review Project. Policy Review Report: Early Childhood Care and Education in Kenya. by UNESCO. Paris. February. 2005. 6. Yoshie Kaga. 2006. UNESCO Policy Brief on Early Childhood. Impacts of Free Primary Education o Early Childhood development in Kenya. Paris. APPENDIX C Work Schedule MONTH | YEAR| ACTIVITY TO BE DONE| December | 2010| Preparation for the research proposal and budgeting| January-March| 2011| Writing of the proposal| April| 2011| Approval for the proposal| May| 2011| Compiling and rewriting of the research proposal| June-July| 2011| Collection of the data| August| 2011| Analyzing of the data| September-December| 2011| Compiling and showing the concluding undertaking. | APPENDIX D Budget. ACTIVITY| PLACE/ITEM/USE| AMOUNT KSH| Travelling | For Literature reappraisal during informations aggregation while typing and roll uping the undertaking. | 5001. 5002. 000| Stationery| Papers. pens. swayer. books. foolscaps. stapling machine. paper bunches | 2. 000| Typing/photocopying | Research proposal and concluding undertaking. | 3. 500| Food| Lunch. tea interruption. snacks| 1. 500| Assorted Expenses| Emergencies| 2. 500| TOTAL| | 13. 500| APPENDIX D Introduction missive CHEBET JOYCE. KIRIMOSE PRIMARY SCHOOL. P. O BOX 174. LITEIN. 25TH JUNE 2011. TO WHOM IT MAY CONCERN Dear Sir/Madam. Referee: Permission TO CONDUCT RESEARCH IN MOGOGOSIEK ZONE. I wish to seek for permission to carry on a research in your pre-school Centre on THE EFFECTS OF INTRODUCTION OF FREE PRIMARY EDUCATION PROGRAM ON ENROLMENT IN ECD CENTERS in MOGOGOSIEK zone. I am a Diploma Student at Valley Teachers Training College The Kenya National Examination Council is necessitating a research as portion of scrutiny from me. I am hence required to roll up informations from your E. C. D. E instructors. parents. and head instructors of the selected school. I look frontward for your positive respond. Thankss in progress Yours Faithfully Chebet Joyce.